Displacement in Language Definition and Examples

In linguistics, a characteristic of language that allows users to talk about things and events other than those occurring in the here and now. Displacement is one of the distinct properties of human language.  Its significance as one of the 13 (later 16) design features of language was noted by American linguist Charles Hockett in 1960. Pronunciation   dis-PLAS-ment Examples and Observations When your pet cat comes home and stands at your feet calling meow, you are likely to understand this message as relating to that immediate time and place. If you ask your cat where it has been and what it has been up to, youll probably get the same meow response. Animal communication seems to be designed exclusively for this moment, here and now. It cannot effectively be used to relate events that are far removed in time and place. When your dog says GRRR, it means GRRR, right now, because dogs dont seem to be capable of communicating GRRR, last night, over in the park. In contrast, human language users are normally capable of producing messages equivalent to GRRR, last night, over in the park, and then going on to say, In fact, Ill be going back tomorrow for some more. Humans can refer to past and future time. This property of human language is called displacement. . . . Indeed, displacement allows us to talk about things and places (e.g. angels, fairies, Santa Claus, Superman, heav en, hell) whose existence we cannot even be sure of.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010) A Characteristic of All Human Languages Consider the range of things that you can say, such as a sentence like this: Hey, kids, your mother left last night, but dont worry, shell be back when shes come to terms with the whole notion of mortality. (This was said tongue in cheek by a friend, but its a useful example.) By uttering certain sounds in a given order, the speaker of this sentence is addressing particular individuals (the kids), referring to a particular individual who isnt there (their mother), referring to times that are not the present (last night and whenever the mother comes to terms), and referring to abstract ideas (worry and mortality). Let me point out in particular that the ability to refer to things that are not physically present (objects here, and times) is known as displacement. Both displacement and the ability to refer to abstractions are common to all human languages.(Donna Jo Napoli, Language Matters: A Guide to Everyday Questions About Language. Oxford University Press, 2003) Achieving Displacement Different languages accomplish displacement in different ways. English has a system of auxiliary verbs (e.g., will, was, were, had) and affixes (e.g., pre- in predates; -ed in dated) to signal when an event occurred relative to the moment of speaking or relative to other events.(Matthew J. Traxler, Introduction to Psycholinguistics: Understanding Language Science. Wiley, 2012) Displacement and the Origins of Language Compare these: Theres a mosquito buzzing in my ear.Nothing is more irritating than a buzzing sound. In the first, theres a particular buzzing in the here and now. In the second, there may be, but there neednt be--I could say this in reacting to a story about something that happened years ago. In talking about symbolism and words, people often make far too much of arbitrariness--the absence of any relationship between a words form and its meaning. . . . [W]hen it comes to how language began, displacement is a factor far more important than arbitrariness.(Derek Bickerton, Adams Tongue: How Humans Made Language, How Language Made Humans. Hill and Wang, 2009)[M]ental time travel is critical to language. . . . Language . . . may have evolved primarily to enable humans to share their memories, plans, and stories, enhancing social cohension and creating a common culture.(Michael C. Corballis, The Recursive Mind: The Origins of Human Language, Thought, and Civilization. Princeton University Press, 2011) One Exception: The Dance of the Honeybee This displacement, which we take utterly for granted, is one of the most momentous differences between human languages and the signaling systems of all other species. . . .There is just one striking exception. A honeybee scout which has discovered a source of nectar returns to its hive and performs a dance, watched by other bees. This bee dance tells the watching bees what direction the nectar lies in, how far away it is, and how much nectar there is. And this is displacement: the dancing bee is passing on information about a site which it visited some time ago and which it now cannot see, and the watching bees respond by flying off to locate the nectar. Startling though it is, the bee dance is, so far at least, absolutely unique in the non-human world: no other creatures, not even apes, can communicate anything of the sort, and even the bee dance is severely limited in its expressive powers: it cannot cope with the slightest novelty.(Robert Lawrence Trask and Peter Stockwell, Langua ge and Linguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2007)

Becoming A First Generation College Student - 860 Words

I have always been my own motivator and it has not always been easy. Being a first-generation college student meant going it on my own, making mistakes and learning from them. At the start of my college adventure I met Professor Michelle Field who introduced me to more than my love of Anthropology, but looking back she is now my inspiration to want to teach Anthropology. This was not something I knew coming into college, but some of the greatest things in life come together when you least expect them, you just have to be flexible. Moving to Bellingham to finish my undergraduate degree came at the most difficult time in my life only days after losing a parent, but Western Washington University became my new home and offered the fresh start I needed and the opportunity to continue to develop as a student that I so deeply craved. Getting to this point in my academic career has been a balancing act. I spent most of my time as a part time student earning my Associates while working full time. Getting the most out of my education was always my primary goal and it meant working hard and managing my time well. I graduated with Faculty Honors and am currently progressing towards graduating Cum Laude at Western. I was able to not only take a heavy course load, but manage it well and remained flexible and grounded in the reality of what I could handle. Determined to expand my knowledge I wanted to not only to take a variety of courses during early undergraduate work, but as IShow MoreRelatedBecoming A First Generation College Student1016 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout my teenage years, I was the embodiment of the average introvert. The pressure to succeed and become a first generation college student in my family was overwhelming, and the constant battle of not being good enough defeated me. My parents only spoke Spanish, and were unable to help me with my school assignments. 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Financial System of Mexico Essay Sample free essay sample

Fiscal system of a state is a concatenation of interconnected entities responsible for money affairs and related services straight impacting the economic system. The system include Bankss. pension financess. insurance companies. stock and securities exchanges. cardinal bank and related fiscal regulators. The latter is comprised of houses and entities that provide a system to consequence economic minutess and guarantee that nest eggs are turned into investings ( Financial System Soundness. 2005 ) . A strong and established fiscal system is a needed to accomplish and keep a bullish economic growing of a state. It hence follows that job in the fiscal system greatly contribute to pecuniary policies effectiveness. higher fiscal costs in resuscitating debatable fiscal establishments. declining economic recession by promoting capital and investing flight. The Financial System Soundness ( 2005 ) stated further that jobs related to a weak fiscal system in one state can easy infect and pollute other states straight making concern with that state. It is an recognized fact that Mexico is one of the taking trading spouse of the US owing to its propinquity and the latter supplying a ready beginning of inexpensive labour and services for US fabrication sector and allied constitutions. As a consequence of NAFTA. bulk the imported goods and services demand of Mexico is being supplied by the US. There are information that the fiscal system of Mexico is being considered shoal and hence the foundation is weak and may fall in with merely a little job in the economic system. Other states consider Mexico’s fiscal system has rebounded after the mid-90’s fiscal crisis and is right now easy retrieving. This paper aims to document the fiscal system set up of Mexico and find its degree of stableness and reactivity to the demands of the Mexican public as to ready beginning of recognition to finance and run the engine of economic development An article from US Library of Congress entitled Country Studies on Financial System Financi al System of Mexico 2 ( n. d. ) revealed that â€Å"Mexico has one of Latin America’s most developed banking systems. dwelling of a cardinal bank and six types of banking establishments: populace development Bankss. public recognition establishments. private commercial Bankss. private investing Bankss. nest eggs and loan associations. and mortgage banks† ( 1st par. ) . The Country Studies further revealed that the other constituents of Mexico’s fiscal system include establishments providing to securities market. trust fund establishments. companies with recognition brotherhood installations. common financess establishments. factoring companies and bonded warehouses. The Bank of Mexico. per Country Studies. is the cardinal regulative authorization of the fiscal system. Its chief map is modulating the money in circulation and straight pull offing the activities related to the foreign exchange market. The Central Bank or Banco de Mexico is responsible for puting the fiscal modesty demands of Mexican Bankss and more significantly. it enforces Torahs related to recognition control. Furthermore. the Country Studies further revealed that Banco de Mexico being the Central Bank acts as the financial agent of the state. the lone entity lawfully recognized to publish and publish new peso currency and serves as the price reduction window for private dep ositary Bankss. Furthermore. The Country Studies added that the Banco de Mexico is besides the oversing entity of the private banking sector through the National Banking Commission and it supply financess for development plans of the state. Legislation in 1994 required the Banco de Mexico to restrict its loaning to the authorities to an sum fixed at the start of the financial twelvemonth. To efficaciously restrict and command rising prices. the operation of Banco de Mexico was made independent since April 1994. This means that the bank can implement the desperately needed fiscal policy schemes and reform in due clip with lower limit or without audience from the federal authorities of Mexico Financial System of Mexico 3 Services related to fiscal affairs â€Å"are regulated by series of Torahs and round letters from Bank of Mexico. National Banking Commission ( NBC ) . the National Securities Commission ( NSC ) and Bonding Commission ( NIBC ) and the Ministry of Finance† ( Financial System. 2n d par. ) . The Financial System further revealed that effectual April 29. 1995. the NBC and NSC were merged into one entity and is now the National Securities and Banking Commission ( NSBC ) . The Country Studies on development Bankss revealed that Mexico besides has a figure of other authorities controlled Bankss providing to agriculture. co-ops. import and export Bankss. public works. lodging. transit and a bank entirely for the sugar industry needs. The information is supported by Financial System paper and reported that Nafinsa or Nacional Financiera. SNC is the chief bank of the authorities for industry publicity. Banco de Comercio Exterior. SNC promotes export and Banco Nacional de Obras y Sevicios Publicos. SNC is responsible for building and lodging undertakings. Harmonizing to Country Studies. â€Å"Nafinsa provides medium-term funding and equity capital for productive endeavors. promotes Mexican investing companies. oversees the stock market and the issue of public securities. and serves as the legal depositary of authorities securities. By 1993 Nafinsa had divested itself of some of its involvements. but it remained under province ownership† ( 2nd par. ) . Credit establishments which include development Bankss and commercial Bankss are the lone Institutions authorized to accept sedimentations from the populace in general and can widen recognition adjustments based on the deposited sum. The Financial System paper on the other manus added that â€Å"foreigners may non take part in the equity of development banks† ( Development Bankss. 2nd par. ) . This means that aliens can non put their capital in development Bankss and Financial System of Mexico 4 investing is entirely for Mexican citizens merely. In order to set up a commercial bank in Mexico. an mandate from the Ministry of Finance and blessing by BM and NSBC are needed and the activities that can be engaged in is listed in Article 46 of the Law of Credit Institutions ( Financial System. n. d. ) . Harmonizing to Financial System. As per edict dated February 15. 1995. capital stock of commercial Bankss must be represented by series â€Å"A† or â€Å"B† portions. Series â€Å"A† portions must account for at least 51 % of the ordinary capital stock of the commercial bank and may be subscribed merely by Mexican persons or Mexican majority-owned entities. the Federal Government and the Savi ngs Protection Banking Fund ( FOBAPROA ) . keeping companies of fiscal groups and institutional investors authorized by the Ministry of Finance. The staying 49 % may be represented either by series â€Å"A† or â€Å"B† portions. Series â€Å"B† portions may stand for up to 49 % of the ordinary capital stock of the bank and may be subscribed by aliens ( Commercial Banks. 2nd par. ) . It is clearly indicated here that bulk portions in a commercial bank should belong to Mexican investors and merely 49 % is allotted to foreign investors. If a foreign investor desires to increase his investing portion. this is possible under â€Å"L† portion allocation. The foreign investor can add another 40 % portion but has limited vote right and the dividend gaining allocation may be greater and non lesser than his â€Å"B† portion of the capital stock. the Financial System added. Historically. the commercial Bankss are in private owned. The Financial System reported that there are three big dominant national commercial Bankss in Mexico. Banamex. Bancomer and Serfin wholly operate about 2. 000 subdivisions co ncentrated in urban countries merely. Financial System of Mexico 5 To guarantee readily available recognition. The Country Studies revealed that in 1993. the Mexican authorities allowed the gap of new domestic Bankss and in 1994. it allowed US and Canadian Bankss to run in Mexico. By the terminal of 1994. â€Å"there were some 50 commercial Bankss in operation in Mexico. up from 19 at the terminal of 1992. Mexico had 45 securities firm houses. 59 insurance companies. 74 leasing companies. 65 factorization houses. and 49 exchange houses† ( 7th par. ) . One of the ironss of fiscal system which determine its stableness is the stock exchange. The Country Studies revealed that The Stock Exchange of Mexico ( Bolsa Mexicana de Valores ) was organized in 1933 and at present is the largest stock exchange in the full Latin America. The stock exchange has its ain portion of ups and toss off together with the Mexican economic status. In 1992. there were 199 listed companies with a sum of 11 trillion new pesos traded. The Country Studies ( n. d. ) revealed that â€Å"at the terminal of 1993. Mexican investors held approximately 75 per centum of the equities traded. Although the value of Mexican-owned stocks rose by about US $ 143 billion between 1987 and 1993. mere ly 0. 2 per centum of all Mexicans had securities firm histories at the terminal of 1992† ( Country Studies. Stock Exchange. 2nd par. ) . This lone shows that the stock market trading section of the fiscal system is being participated by merely a smattering of Mexicans. The government’s restrictive policies alienated this bureau and bound its enlargement. At the present century. it is the World Bank and IMF who has the authorization to set up the soundness of fiscal system of a state. A study from the said governments revealed that. â€Å"Helped by good macroeconomic policies. sound inadvertence. and a favourable external environment. the already sound Mexican fiscal system continues to increase its resiliency. Although consumer and mortgage loaning has been turning at a rapid gait. recognition to the private Financial System of Mexico 6 sector remains low by some international comparisons† ( Financial System Stability Update. 2nd par. ) . The fiscal system of Mexico was declared stable by the World Bank and IMF. The stableness update farther revealed that there are cardinal challenges for the fiscal gove rnments to do the Mexican fiscal system more resilient. One of them and considered to be the most critical is â€Å"continuing to advance wider and more efficient private sector entree to finance including furthering transparence and competition† ( Findings. 3rd par. ) . The Country Level Savings Assessment of Mexico ( 2005 ) support the general feeling that the economic system of Mexico has rebounded from the 1994 fiscal crisis. The three degrees of fiscal system’s construction viz. the micro degree or the fiscal establishments. back uping substructure or meso and the Mexican pecuniary policies or macro degree remained stable harmonizing to the Country Level Savings Assessment study. Despite this stableness. it is perceived by economic experts that â€Å"the fiscal system in Mexico is surprisingly shallow† ( Country Level Savings Assessment. Executive Summary. 2nd par. ) . The assessment paper further added that â€Å"Mexico has 106 million people. 43. 4 million of whom are considered economically active. A big port ion of the economically active population is employed in the informal sector. The gross national income ( GNI ) per capita is US $ 6. 230. yet half of Mexico’s population is estimated to populate in poorness and one-fifth in utmost poverty† ( A Large Market of Low Income Clients. 1st par. ) . This information shows that Mexico’s wealth is concentrated in the upper 50 % of the populationwhile the other 50 % unrecorded in poorness. The paper added that about half of the 50 % of people populating in poorness or 25 % unrecorded in utmost poorness. This greatly contributed to the superficiality of the fiscal system which means that merely the upper 50 % of the population have entree to the fiscal system. It was reported by the assessment paper that restrictive policies of Financial System of Mexico 7 and deficiency of government’s enterprise to make the bottom half of the population farther added to the superficiality of the fiscal system. Restrictive policies means the bank necessitating the hapless citizens the same paperss as the rich people before they can open a nest egg history. In the bank’s position. restrictive policies means puting up a sophisticated surveillance cameras in subdivisions located in rural countries where electricity supply is inconsistent. This prevented the Bankss from making the hapless population and offer their services. The policies contributed to fiscal system illiterac y among the lower 50 % of the population and distrust perceptual experience on the meso and micro degree of the fiscal system. The assessment paper further revealed that â€Å"savings held in Bankss account for merely 9. 7 per centum of the gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) and bank loans to the private sector history for 11. 8 per centum of GDP. The conservative banking sector is extremely concentrated and the popular finance sector is still little comparative to the size of the population† ( Mexican Financial System. 2nd par. ) . As a consequence of this. the assessment paper estimates that approximately 15 to 25 % of the urban population and about merely 6 % of the rural people has entree to fiscal establishments. The appraisal farther revealed that 70 % of the working population earn between one to ten times the minimal pay of US $ 3. 65 per twenty-four hours and the basic needs sums to $ US113 per twelvemonth. If there are 260 working yearss in a twelvemonth. most workers earn between US 949 and US $ 9. 490 to buy a basket deserving $ 113. Small nest eggs capacity hence exist in Mexico and this remained untapped by the authorities due to its restrictive policy and deficiency of political will ensuing to shaky foundation of the fiscal system. As of this twelvemonth. the fiscal system is stable but remain shallow due to its inability to tap the fiscal resources of the lower 50 % of the population and apportion the money for recognition to finance concern and occupation creative activity activities. Responsiveness to this market will decidedly ensue to a more stable Mexican fiscal system. Mentions: Fiscal System of Mexico 8 References Country Level Savings Assessment of Mexico. cgap. org. July 2005. Retrieved December 10. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //cgap. org/savings/mexico_assessment. html Country Studies. ( n. d. ) . Mexico Financial System. Retrieved December 7. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. country-studies. com/mexico/financial-system. html Financial System ( n. d. ) . Investment-General. Retrieved December 7. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mexico-trade. com/generala. html Financial System Soundness. ( 2005 ) . A Fact Sheet from International Monetary Fund. September 2005. Retrieved December 7. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. International Monetary Fund. org/external/np/exr/facts/banking. htm Mexico’s Financial System Stability Update ( 2006 ) . Monetary and Financial System and Western Hemisphere Departments of IMF. August 4. 2006. Retrieved December 9. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //wbln0018. world bank. org/FPS/fsapcountrydb. nsf/ ( attachmentwebFSSA ) / Mexico_Update_FSSA. pdf/ $ FILE/Mexico_Update_FSSA. pdf

Revision Guide Unit free essay sample

Concert promoters, club promoters, festival promoters 2. Broadcasting (showing the music to the audience) rev, radio, internet 3. Marketing and distribution (selling the music to the audience) Online (e. G. Tunes), high street stores (e. G. HEM, supermarkets), social media (e. G. Backbone, Twitter etc) z) You need to know: a. What do each of them do b. Why is it done When is it done (in terms of the music being released to the public) d. How they are linked 2. How each one is a crucial part in the process 3.Service companies and agencies (companies which provide services to artists, ensues and production companies) a) Agencies: . Royalty collection agencies (collect the money for the artist and making sure there is copyright) PROS for Music (formerly the Performing Rights Society or PROS) AMPS formerly the Mechanical Copyright Protection Society) PL Licensing the importance of keeping to legal requirements for licensing the music 2. Artists Representation or A (protecting the artist) Management (the artists manager) Public relations (PR) Agents (different to the manager) Stylists b) Service Companies: 1 . We will write a custom essay sample on Revision Guide Unit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hire companies (companies which hire out equipment or spaces to the artist) Sound and lighting hire companies Rehearsal and studio spaces . Transport companies (companies which provide transport for equipment and material for touring) a. What each of them do b. What equipment is needed What is available from the different service companies and agencies d. How they support the music industry e. Why they are important f. The pros and cons for musicians working with agencies music industry) a) The Unions: 1 . The Musicians Union (MO) union for musicians, composers, instrumental teachers 2.Equity union for actors, dancers and other performers 3. Broadcast Entertainment Cinematographer Theatre Union (BECKET) union for those working in production and/ r technical roles b) How unions support those in the music industry: monitoring employment conditions and contracts between employees and employers advice for freelancers on tax and National Insurance (N) support in relation to negotiation of minimum rates of pay and working conditions handling of disputes other services networking opportunities, information about insurance and pensions, information and updates about changes to relevant legislation. . What a union does b. The issues that unions resolve and support c. Who is involved and what their responsibilities are d. Why and when are unions needed . How organizations interrelate (link together) and why these relationships are important a) Relationships within the music industry: 1 . How promoters match acts to venue location and type of venue size and scale of performance area facilities (of the venue) technical equipment/support available audience capacity type and intention of performance timing and availability financial considerations (money) 2.The importance of effective communication between those working in the industry 3. How promoters and musicians evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of hiring and buying equipment 4. How promoters and musicians find and select suppliers and installers of equipment 5. How trade bodies such as the Music Producers Guild (MPEG), the Association of Professional Recording Services (APRS), PROS for Music and PLANS support their members and their industries 6. How promoters and musicians find and select transport companies for touring 7. How promoters secure funding for and market events. . The wider range of personnel within the music industry in terms of: who they are Nat their area of interest is why their organizations exist En they might be needed by others working in the music industry b. The links teens organization and the support each organization can help provide PART B Learning aim B: Understand the JOB ROLES in the music industry KOOK NEED TO KNOW the different types of JOB ROLES from DIFFERENT AREAS of the musts industry (listed below) and the RESPONSIBILITIES OF EACH ROLE: KOOK NEED TO KNOW FOR EACH ROLE: a.Who is responsible for what activity b. Why and how are things done What are the advantages and disadvantages of relying on these individuals for their individual services, in relation to the key stages of the timeline for producing the music 1 . Performance and creative roles (the people who make the music happen) ) Performance roles: 1. Musician instrumentalist, vocalist, accompanist, DC auditioning, attending rehearsals (including technical and dr ess rehearsals), taking part in performances and workshops, marketing and promoting own work 2. Imposer/songwriter/producer rutting music, arranging, orchestrating, creative input responding to briefs, pitching ideas to clients, producing scores and parts, marketing and promoting own work, composing too brief, producing producing, sequencing music, using technology to realize music, creative and artistic direction 3. Musical director conducting, arranging and leading rehearsals ring musicians, liaison within projects, problem solving b) Creative roles: 1. Vive sound technician stage planning, rigging, De-rigging, supervision of crew sound checking, ensuring mike and lines work correctly, adjusting levels, on stage assisting with get-in, rigging, De-rigging, get-out specialist instrumental support, logistics, driving 3. Instrumental support guitar tech, drum tech z) You need to know a. The skills and responsibilities of each performer or creative role (who does what and why is it important) b. The links between performers and creative roles How the music industry is built upon these relationships .Management and promotion roles a) Management roles (looking after the artist or venue): 1 . Artistic management (the artists manager) personal and financial management advice and guidance liaising with recording companies arranging tours fee negotiation 2. Venue management (the venue manager) booking events licensing management of staff management of publicity for events organizing events security health and safety of artists audience and staff 3. Studio management booking sessions managing the maintenance of equipment and facilities b) Promotion roles (promoting the music to the audience): 1 . Remoter identifying performance opportunities ensues and artists securing finance for events manages financial risk insurance and safety 2. Marketing (making the music available to the audience) managing marketing materials and strategies 3. AR (Artists and Repertoire) scouting for talent online and at live events. A. The skills and responsibilities of management and promotion roles (who does what and why its important) b. The links between management and promotional roles How the industry relies on these roles 3.Recording and production roles a) The roles: 1 . Recording studio personnel (work at the recording studio) engineer, assistant engineer, technical manager, tech support maintenance and repair, electronics engineer, installation 2. Producer (produces the music) artistic overview, creative manager, liaising between creative partners, financial control, sample clearance 3. Session musician (musician who isnt part of the band) performing given music, performing collaboratively, in an ensemble or as a soloist, provides own equipment 4. Catering (mixing the music) mastering engineer, producing the finished mix to comply with all technical requirements, optimizes audio performance and ensuring quality CD manufacturer, reducing multiple copies of provided master CDC on demand, Jewel cases, slip cases, artwork, screen printing, packaging, delivery to distributor digital delivery through services such as Tunes. B) You need to know a. The skills and responsibilities of recording and production roles (who does what and why its important) b. The links between recording and production roles how the industry relies on these roles 4.Media and other roles 1. Music Journalist/flogger rutting copy for publication in print or web, articles, reviews, biographies, research, pop-De (an article by a guest writer not employed by the newspaper or magazine) 2. Roadster (TV and radio) selecting music for broadcast, programming, demographic targeting, research, rutting, editing 3. Software programmer/app developer rutting and/or coding software products such as APS, programs, packages, files, bedposts writing music packages for distribution online 4. Detail and distribution selling products in shops, stores and online using retail techniques and skills moving CDC from warehouse to retail outlets, logistics, selling via mail order and through online stores. A. The skills and responsibilities of media roles and the wider world of employment opportunities (who does what and why its important) b. He links between these roles PART C Nihilist the information below doesnt give you information about specific organizations (Part A) or Job roles within the music industry (Part B), this is important Information that youll need to know for the exam.It will help you explain why specific organizations and roles are important and how they link together for the longer, higher mark questions. 1 . How and why workers are employed in the music industry Employment patterns: full-time/part-time/freelance contracts (short, long-term) when employing performance, production and front of house staff permanent and casual staff for pacific projects or per formances self-employed, entrepreneurial loungers 2. Getting a break and starting out How to get into the music industry: research into individual stories; case studies, interviews, biography and autobiography can help inform others about breaking into the industry volunteering at festivals, shows and clubs how and why (and if) a product should be given away for free, such as free downloads, free tickets, back-stage passes, guest-lists, promotional CDC where to find out about auditions, adverts, word-of-mouth, personal recommendations, making antics, networking, hustling buying onto a tour; how much and for what audience and with what goal. . Importance of individual roles and responsibilities a) Within the production process: specific roles and responsibilities before, during and after gigs, sessions or recordings undertaking of duties and impact on the production process of decisions made. B) Within the performance process: ensuring each part of the process is ready, with equipment, music, scores, demos, chord sheets, running orders, artwork, tickets, contracts, contact information, phone numbers how and where to get help and support ho is accountable and why how and why tasks/responsibilities should be priorities. . How individual roles and responsibilities link together (interrelate) Effective communication between individual roles: roles within the same area of an organization, within the same organization, from different organizations how and why specific roles are interdependent why these relationships are important: a) dangers of miscommunication, planning and scheduling problems, minimizing down time, maximizing use of resources b) speed of change, responding to market pressures, responding to marketing opportunities.