Parents held responsible for childrens crime Essay

Parents hold a lot of responsibility when raising children. They are there to teach them right from wrong and how to behave in order to raise them into successful men and women that today’s society can relate to; rather than juvenile delinquents that this world discriminates upon. It is the parent’s responsibility to instill values into their young children because as the children grow it becomes their responsibility to make their own decisions since one day they will have to face the real world on their own. So I believe parents should not be held accountable for their children’s actions because blaming parents is not going to help children learn from their mistakes. Advocates who subscribe to full parental accountability stated, â€Å"They believe parents should know about and control their children’s actions and accept their obligation to bear the consequences of their children’s mistakes.† By this comment they’re stating that parents basically deserve every punishment their children commit. However, parents shouldn’t be incarcerated for their children’s wrong doings, the child themselves are responsible for the crimes they committed. They deserve to pay the price for the actions they take. If children did the crime then the most reasonable explanation would be that they pay the price. Blaming parents isn’t going to help the children learn from their mistakes, it’s just going to make it that much easier for them to commit the crime again without getting any punishment sent their way. When it comes to parents some may be the best when it comes to raising their children, however their child decide to go down a different path with the wrong crowd and completely misbehave. That doesn’t mean that the parents should be punished for the child’s mistakes. Parents instill rules upon their children and have high expectations for them. However, many children in today’s society are easily influenced by people in their surroundings. So, by attacking the parents the problem isn’t going to change and the situation isn’t going to get any easier. The vicious dog analogy that states, â€Å"Parents should control a child just as an owner should control a dog† is not a reasonable statement. I fully agree with the author Sylvia Miller. Children are not animals nor should they be treated like animals. They don’t deserve to be controlled like a pet. By controlling a child and keeping them enclosed like a pet, is only going to make matters worse and the child is going to rebel. A parent has to lay down supervision and care for their children, but aren’t responsible for every  action the child makes. If we continue to blame parents for their children’s crimes, then we will see no positive outcomes in the child’s future. Parents can’t control their children only influence them. If a parent continues to try to participate in a child’s life and that child continues to rebel. It is therefore not the parents fault of the crime that child commits. It is up to the children to follow the rules that their parents established for them in order to live a successful life.

The Constitution fails to meet the needs of a rapidly changing society

When the Constitution was written by the ‘Founding Fathers back in 1787, they intentionally made it so that it could survive over time. They made it flexable so because they envisaged that there were problems that they could not forsee in the future, these are things such as the Depression of the late twenties and early thirties. ‘The Framers' intended for the amendment process to be the main way of updating the constitution and through time this has been evident. An important part of a democratic government is the accountability of those in power, in recent times we have seen the system in America fail, in part this may be due to the fact that the constitution may be outdated. During Bill Clintons' second term of office there were a number of scandals that rocked the White House, the first being the Paula Jones affair. During a hearing about the Paula Jones affair Clinton stated that he had not had â€Å"sexual relations† with Monica Lewinsky, this turned out to be a lie and Congress attempted to impeach him. The impeachment failed due to the wording of the constitution as it was based on the fact that they believed he had committed ‘a high crime or misdemeanour' but Clintons' lawyers asked for a definition of this and Congress could not give one. This shows that the wording of the constitution was outdated or the constitution was badly worded. There was also a lack of accountability during the Watergate scandal as President Nixon was able to escape with no punishment even though he was part of a conspiracy to commit a felony, all charges against Nixon were dropped by his successor Gerald Ford due to the fact that Presidents have the power to withdraw charges against anybody in America. This shows that there is an essential part of the democratic process missing due to flaws in the constitution. When the constitution was first written in 1787 there was a strong possibility of war, so when the founding fathers drew up the constitution they added in an article which said that all people have the right to bear arms. This article has been problematic ever since. Within the last decade there have been many high profile shootings in schools such as Columbine, this has led to a stronger fight against the gun laws. There are those such as the National Rifle Association who say that that right can not be taken away from them as it is one of their constitution rights but there is a problem with that as within the preamble there is the mention of insuring domestic tranquillity, can this be done when there are children who can gain easy access to guns, there are also the problems with the number of deaths due to gun crimes, the right to life is also mentioned in the constitution. The flexibility of the constitution is crucial to its longevity as if it was too rigid it would not have lasted, there may be the problem though that it is too flexible. Over the years there hav been many changes in the federal system, most notably the introduction of Roosevelts ‘New Deal' which saw the power shift more towards the central government, then there was the move back through presidents such as Nixon and Reagan. During this time the efficacy of the government could be questioned as we saw with the ‘Appropreations Crisis' in 1995, during this time government was shut down for two weeks this was ineffect shutting down the country as federal run services such as the postal service were also closed. A solution was found to stop that happening again, that arrived in the form of the ‘Line Item Veto', this gave the President the power to remove unsuitable sentences or paragraphs from a bill. Eighteen months after its introduction it was scrapped as the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional as it gave too much power to one person. Many considered this as a mistake as it made the legislative process faster as it saved the bill being sent back to Congress. This shows that there is room for improvement within the constitution. Through time the main way to update the constitution has been through the Amendment process. As society and its ideals has changed so has the Constitution, when society started to object to slavery and racism the constitution began to follow, the same with womens rights. There are other problems as I have already mentioned the constitution still protects the pro-gun lobby as it is stated in the constitution that all citizens shall bear arms, after a number of atrocities and the significant rise in gun crime, society is begininng to object but still there is no movement on any new amendments in regards to gun laws. The lack of movement may be due to the constitution being outdated but it may also be due to the power that the NRA and other pro gun groups have but we have seen great trides taken through time such as the moves against racism. The constitution was based on what was happening in the eighteenth century and what the ‘Framers' envisaged would happen in the future, but there would seem to be the ability within it, due to its flexibility, to change with modern society. Through time we have seen how society has changed and not far behind is the constitution due to the amendment process.

Bioethical Principles in Medical Science Essay

The principlist approach to biomedical ethics is understood on the basis of two central theses. The first thesis is that moral principles are non-absolute and that they do not occur in a determinate order of precedence. This means that every single principle is prima facie. These prima facie principles are; beneficence, respect for autonomy, non-maleficence and justice. The second central thesis, usually called the global applicability thesis, posits that the four prima facie principles derived from common morality make principlism universally applicable. Analysis of ethical questions based on the biomedical principles of ethics is central to moral reasoning while at the same time respects exigencies of circumstance and liberates pluralism (Beauchamp & Childress 14; Herissone-Kelly 65). Since this application of ethical principles is sensitive to moral beliefs encountered in everyday lives, it forms the basis of ethics in biomedical practice. It acts as a guide to action even though the four principles do not operate in a determinate order of precedence. In attempting to discern the ethics of physician assisted suicide one central question comes into mind. Is assisted suicide morally justified? In a nutshell, assisted suicide or more specifically, physician assisted suicide, refers to a case where the patient has ended his life either with a lethal dose or any other medically provided instrument after the patient requested for the lethal dosage from the physician who provided the dosage for the specific reason of ending the life. The difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide is that in the case of euthanasia, it is the physician who administers the lethal dose or withdraws the life support system because the patient in question is unable to administer the same to him/herself. Thus, the difference lies in the difference in who makes the action that precedes death. In assisted suicide, it is the patient who acts last. The choice of taking the lethal dosage or pushing the button that will terminate life solely rests with the patient and they have the capacity to alter their decision before their actions become irreversible. Even though the physician plays a causal role in both; the patient kills him/herself in assisted suicide while in the latter, it is the physician who kills the patient. This difference creates an intrinsic moral difference between the two. This brings into question the principle of respect for autonomy. The moral principle of respect for autonomy refers to a patient’s freedom of liberty or choice interests. However, it should not be confused with an all-for-nothing phenomenon. Gradations of autonomy and its interpretation in different circumstances are variable. A patient’s autonomy can be interfered with when there is excessive control (too much interference with the patient’s decisions) or when there is too little interference (neglect of the patient). Respect for an individual’s autonomy is also threatened in cases where an individual’s right contravenes another individual’s freedom of choice and their actions (Brent 40). With respect to assisted suicide, the patient in question having satisfied the qualifications of making an informed consent can request the causal assistance of the physician to carry out actions that directly lead to their death. In such a case, professional codes of ethics bind physicians to respect the patient’s rights to self determination by unobstructing the conditions for the operation of an autonomous action such as: intentionality, understanding, and the complete absence of any controlling influence. In a situation where all these conditions are met and the physician dutifully performs their causal roles, physician assisted suicide is ethically correct. This is so because so long as the patient’s rights are supported it automatically follows that ethical permissibility of assisted suicide is also granted (Weir 89; http://www. deathreference. com/). In cases whether the patient is suffering from a treatable clinical depression or dementia which impair the decision making capacity of the patient, the right to self determination do not apply (http://www. inclusiondaily. com/). The moral principle of Non maleficence hold that a person should not do harm. It specifically holds that one should have the capacity to discern actions that are morally harmful. However, there is controversy as determining the intention behind an action. At the same time, determining whether an intentional or unintentional action refrains from action harms or puts the subject at a risk of harm. The moral principle of beneficence entails the following obligations: to prevent harm, to eliminate harm, and to do good. These three conditions characterize the measures taken by medical practitioners to balance the components of risks, harms and benefits. Beneficence therefore encompasses professional, personal and societal obligations (Brent 41). The principle of beneficence largely builds on the foundational principle of non maleficence. In this case assisted suicide is ethically permissible on the basis of an individual’s well being. It can be argued that in such a case, to promoting and protecting the patients well being may be contradictory to the patient’s right to self determination. However, this is not so. Life is often is perceived as being good and its value is a product of our pursuit of goods within life itself. In an assisted suicide scenario, a person who is fully competent to reach a decision decides that life sustaining treatments no longer has any benefit but has become a burden. Most of these patients are often critically ill, dying or in a very debilitated and severely compromised state. If such patients request the means to end their lives, it is in line with non maleficence or beneficence because such an act is value to the patient’s life. Unless if the patient is unable to reach a competent decision and the dictatorial authority transferred to a surrogate, the right of self determination stands and is not in contradiction to the principles of non maleficence and maleficence(Weir 90). Moreover, such a decision is only ethical if it does not infringe on the moral and professional values of the physician. Additionally, assisted suicide is an act of compassion that eliminates further suffering and pain. Refusal to grant the patient their claim or entitlement is akin to putting them to unbearable suffering. Finally, the moral principle of justice simply refers to fairness. It is the act of receiving one’s due; entitlement or claim. Distributive justice concerns itself with how fairly benefits can be allocated and distributed. Basically, four considerations guide moral justice. For instance, an equal share, according to a persons need, according to a person’s effort, and lastly, according to societal contribution (Brent 42). Physician assisted suicide is supported by the moral principle of justice in the context of â€Å"treat like cases alike† (http://depts. washington. edu/). When competent but terminally ill patients request lethal dose medications or refuse life sustaining treatments with the sole purpose of hastening death, it is only just that they should be granted their claim. However, these arguments are only suitable when the ethics of assisted suicide is analyzed on a basis of the biomedical ethical principles. Works Cited BBC News. Assisted suicide ‘danger’ claim. April 20, 2009. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8008736. stm Beauchamp, Tom L, & Childress, James F. Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press, 2001; 1-23 Brent, Nancy J. Nurses and the law: a guide to principles and applications. 2nd Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2000; 40-47 Reynolds, Dave. Assisted Suicide’s For Mental Illness, Too, Swiss Court Rules. Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide, Eugenics, Bioethics. Inclusion Daily Express. February 5, 2007. http://www. inclusiondaily. com/archives/07/02/05/020507sweuth. htm Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Bioethics. http://www. deathreference. com/A-Bi/Bioethics. html Harrison-Kelly, Peter. The Principlist approach to bioethics, and its stormy journey overseas. in, â€Å"Scratching the surface of bioethics†, By Matti Hayry, Tuija Takala. Rodopi Press, 2003; 65-72 Physician-Assisted Suicide. Ethics in Medicine. University of Washington School of Medicine. http://depts. washington. edu/bioethx/topics/pas. html Weir, Robert F. Physician-assisted suicide. Indiana University Press, 1997; 86-97

As an Employer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

As an Employer - Essay Example try is too high and at the same time these people stay longer without jobs, the government strains in terms of shelling out money to cater for their livelihood. For instance, the Brazilian economy was slugged in the year 2001 following 58% increment in unemployment rate from the previous year. It took another two years for the Brazilian economy to re-gain its stability (Taylor, 2006). Another relationship between the economy of Brazil and unemployment rates is in terms of spending power. High rates of unemployment leads to reduced rates of spending since the unemployed persons decides to save their money and drastically cut on their expenditure which in turn affects the economy. On the other hand, the employed persons also reduce their rate of spending due to insecurity of their own work and increased taxes by the government. If this trend continues, the government becomes unable to obtain or collect enough taxes to sustain the economy and this leads to economic instability in the country; as witnessed in the years 2001 up to the year 2004. In short the government can only sustain its economy if it obtains enough taxes and revenues from public spending. It is this public spending that unemployment targets in order to curb the economy and make it unstable. Most businesses in the country cut prices in order to sell their products and sometimes lead them out of busi ness thus casing even more unemployment (Taylor, 2006). Lastly, the Brazilian economy is related with its unemployment rates in terms of recession. In situations where the country experiences increased levels of unemployment, some vital economic factors such as health costs, income, healthcare quality, living standards and poverty are affected. These economic determinants at the end affect the stability, performance and growth of the country’s economy (Taylor, 2006). The last time unemployment rate was reported in Brazil was in September 2011 and the standings were at 6%. This is seen as a lower figure

Journal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Journal - Coursework Example The difference presented by this methodology compared with other teaching styles is that topics for study are selected because they are of interest to the children and their lives. These interests are supposed to exhibit meaningful relevance to the greater benefit of children’s lives. In this education curriculum, children go to great depths and higher levels in which teachers integrate content knowledge like reading, science and mathematics into these projects. This paper aims to highlight emergent curriculum by discussing topics that appear to interest children in a given class. In emergent curriculum formulation and implementation, development appropriate projects (DAP) should always be a primary consideration when planning to embark on designing a project. This ensures that the intended activity meets the overall objectives set out by the institution of learning and addresses the children’s immediate goals of learning through their experiences in the project (Carter & Curtis 203) DAP is achieved by ensuring that the intended project does not require too little or too much of the children in that it negates their efforts in attaining knowledge from the activity. In this case, similarity or monotony presented by indoor play areas can seem to be depressing or discouraging to teachers a scenario, I was able to find myself in during my time with the children. I came to notice that the children under my care did not get bored for being in the same play environment every day; the children illustrated progressive advancement in their daily activities in th e same setting. As a teacher, I am supposed to apply my knowledge on theoretical influences behind this observation made on the children in this static environment (Carter & Curtis 92). As outlined by Carter & Curtis, As a teacher and caregiver, I am supposed to claim my power as a principle to focus my attention on

RSPCA Royal Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Animals Essay

RSPCA Royal Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Animals - Essay Example Marketing is all about understanding the customers and of finding ways and means to for providing product or service as per his requirements (Sandhusen 2000). Marketing is a highly misunderstood word. It is not tactics or methods of getting customers to buy a company’s product or services. That is advertisement or promotions. It is a conscious effort to analyze and understand what is needed and trying to fulfill this need. Marketing is about understanding the stakeholders. It is highly relevant to investigate what each stakeholder contributes in terms of the product, quality, service deliveries and pricing. Marketing is also about knowledge of your own company and its capability of delivering a product or service and managing its resources and competencies in that direction. But above all, Marketing is all about customers. Their behavior and attitude towards buying a product is of paramount importance. Their needs and wants and their likes and dislikes are decisive factors and purchase decisions depend on these issues. It is the understanding of these factors that will develop a marketing strategy. Therefore Marketing is all about understanding the customers and of finding ways and means to for providing product or service as per his requirements. Marketers have adopted a variety of means to persuade customers, foremost among them being advertisement, promotion, publicity and public relations. However unless a proper commutation channel is established the efforts will go in vain. Advertising and promotions both need effective communication to produce successful results. Kotler et al (1996) have pointed out persuasive communication is designed to stimulate a pre-defined response from consumers and advertisers use this ploy to gain advantage over susceptible consumers. This can be done using various methods like â€Å"mass media advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, direct mail and point-of-sale merchandising† (Kitchen

California Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

California Dream - Essay Example The history of the notion traces its roots in late 19th century, when California was considered to be the golden state of America, as it literally had huge golden resources, which led to the California Gold Rash of 1848-1855 (Brands 103).Hence, bunches of immigrants flew to California, hoping to gain easy wealth and live happily ever after. Since then the name of California became closely related to the image of smooth happy life with wealth and prosperity. California Dream initially meant the life that Americans strived to achieve, because they believed that moving to California would mean constant luck and prosperity. One of the important reasons why California was considered to be a heaven on earth is because California is a state rich for resources, pleasant climate, and multiple job opportunities. In some time the original term was slightly changed and transformed in people’s minds. As far as California was rapidly growing, multiple industries have appeared in the state. They include film production of Hollywood, the Silicon Valley with its enormous technological development, California wine industry etc. The brand new industries created new job places and vast career opportunities. The image of California that used to be engaged with golden resources turned into the image of California as a state of the most ambitious and wealthy industries possible. Hence, California has preserved its image of America’s golden state, as it is still a pleasant region for many people who believe that living in California makes people more successful and happier. Although people are not coming to California looking for placer gold mines, working in such industries as filmmaking and Silicon Valley’s progressive technological area for most people means a constant resource of pleasure, glory, and money. This is the reason why the concept of California dream has become so popular in American mass culture, as

Employment at Will and Due Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment at Will and Due Process - Assignment Example The greatest intellectual strength is the inclusion of arguments made against their own point. If the authors had failed to include opposing arguments, their article would have been very one-sided and un-credible. It is important for readers to understand both sides of an argument before understanding which side is right or wrong (if there are, in fact, objectively right and wrong sides). This strength of the article, however, also proved to be somewhat of a weakness, because some of the opposing arguments were left unchallenged by the authors. One of the most interesting and perhaps most valid arguments made in this article is that the differences between private and public businesses are becoming less and less clear. Werhane and Radin put forth the notion that public businesses are businesses that cater to the public good before trying to make a profit whereas private businesses function for profit only. While this seems hard to define a business by for legal issues, I have heard that private businesses are marked by having 25 employees or less. I dislike these sort of bright-line policies where a difference of only 1 (say 26 employees instead of 25) makes a tremendous difference in applicable policy. The authors could have used this point to further argue their perspective, but since they did not I will now return to what they did say. Werhane and Radin backed their argument, that the line once drawn between private and public businesses is fading, by a case study involving General Motors (GM). The scenario explained in this article is that the private company GM was declared, by the Supreme Court, able to take over property to expand because it was for the "common good" even though, as a private company, its primary goal is profitability. On the authors' parts, this is a valid argument and it was good to utilize this case study as evidence of their point. (I would have liked more case studies to be used to give solid examples of their arguments.) While the case study does illustrate their point, it is actually not that simple, however. When this happened, it was likely the topic of much subjective debate, because many people may have disagreed with the Supreme Court's ruling. Furthermore, the actual intentions of the Supreme Court may not have been quite so innocent. Corruption is ugly, but it is widespread. Impor tant figures within the Supreme Court could have been easily influenced by a promise of shared wealth from GM. This just goes to show that while the Supreme Court's actions may have led the authors to believe that there is little difference between private and public businesses but really, the ruling of Supreme Court may have been swayed by external factors and its implications are thus inconclusive. Additionally, although Werhane and Radin tried to say that private businesses are like public businesses because they can be deemed as putting efforts towards achieving the common good, I believe it may more often be the other way around. Do public businesses actually put the common good before profitability Without profit, businesses cannot succeed. Perhaps, then, public businesses are similar to private businesses, because they do put profit first.  

Blakes Tyger and Bliges No More Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Blakes Tyger and Bliges No More Drama - Essay Example His work has the art of symbolism embedded in it - a fact that can be seen as he describes one of the Creator's tools as the anvil, thus using the Creator to signify the essence and work of a blacksmith. In this poem, Blake depicts at once, the beauty as well as the fear attached with the natural and the unknown - the tiger. Seen from his eyes, this species is a being of such beauty in all it fine golden colors and ferocity depicted through its claws and teeth as well as the rhythm in its roar, that the onlooker gets intimidated more than anything else. Blake pitches the tiger's case when he speaks of the tiger's aspirations in attaining the strength and beauty as far as covering certain goals and going a certain distance in its lifetime are concerned. If we are to concentrate on the analysis of the language used by Blake, otherwise known as stylistics, we will find a striking use of poetic iconicity that highlights the effect of the tiger on an unassuming onlooker, in its natural habitat. When speaking of burning eyes, Blake not only depicts the fire that rages within this animal, but also shows the ionic significance its eyes bear to the blacksmith's fire - the Creator's fire in which the anvil that created the tiger was seasoned. Also, Blake follows a safe pattern throughout his work - one that comes across through the rhyming words in every sentence and every alternate sentence as the poem progresses. Also, considering the fact that poetry is meant to be crisp in its presentation, Blake has managed to keep alive this trait by employing short and snappy sentences to direct an underscore of energy into the jungle that envelopes this being. In this regard, the lyrics of the song we are comparing with the Tyger, are of a more modern and bold nature. Mary J Blige with her unconventional ways and meaningful videos, is similar to Blake in her style of showing intensity as well as tender feeling towards fellow beings around her, simultaneously. In her song, No More Drama, Blige demonstrates the same crisp style of writing but with less use of rhyming words. The phonetic echo in her song is restricted to the message she is trying to put across through her song. While Blake's Tyger was an epitomy of a certain being, Blige's No more drama is a song about feelings and emotions. Thus, Blake's work is a self contained piece of art that signifies the essence of the fire in the tiger's eyes while Blige's song is one that places more emphasis on the drama portrayed in one's everyday life - a drama supposedly lost to the exit of that special someone. In sound and context, both pieces of work bear similarity in intensity but again, the nuances of the lives obviously led by the two artists are poles apart. Blige, in her ultra modern world, does not see any need for medieval poetic influence in her lyrics, while Blake's agenda seems to one that revolves around making each word meaningful. In short, every stanza of the poem is a theme in itself while the words in Blige's song contribute to a wholesome theme. In this context, it may be seen, that taken separately, the words in Bliges song would mean nothing to the listener in terms of rhythm or focus on language. To divert our attention wholly to Blige's song, we will find that this is one of personal pain, unlike Blake's poem which celebrates the beauty of the tiger and the fear evoked by this being simultaneously. Blige, in her song is more into mundane things and makes

Principles of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of Human Resource Management - Essay Example Starting from identifying the capacity and nature of workforce required, employers need to lay down the specifications of the diversity mix they aim to introduce in their organization. This involves clarifying the demographics, qualification, skill set, education, competencies and other abilities. The point of contention which arises here is the possibility of overt or systematic discrimination creeping in, based on caste, color, creed, race, religion, gender, marital status, minority and such other factors (Markey et al. 2002). From organizational point of view, competencies are defined in advance just for the purpose of matching the core jobs with that of candidate’s profile, leaving scope of adjustment for peripheral duties and responsibilities of the job. However, discriminating candidates on the basis of such criteria denies them equality of opportunity in the first place, and later on from appropriate training and development session organized and managed by the organiza tion. Pandey (2006, p.21) gives some exceptional cases where sex or religion is not considered as unlawful in segregating the candidature of employees, like playing role for a movie or a drama. But in general, such practices are considered anti to the equal opportunity laws. Evidence of discriminatory practices constitutes the type of questions asked during selection interviews. Though basic information has to be provided by the candidate, yet federal laws have now prohibited asking questions on marital status, weight and height, education, child care, demographics, ownership and such other details. Purpose behind such prohibition is to safeguard the interests of women and under-represented communities who are denied of equal opportunities on the basis of their height, care giving duties, availability to work on weekends, etc (Strahan & Burgess 1998). This discrimination extends to even compensation and promotion techniques adopted by the management of the organization. Lately, init ial screening and assessments stages in recruitment and selection process have turned advanced with the advent of technologies like Interactive Voice Responses system (IVR) and social networking tools. Though these technologies have simplified the entire process, but in reality have posed many legal challenges ahead HR practitioners and policy makers. Primary amongst them is the inability of such hiring practices in giving due attention to applicants suffering from disabilities like hearing and visual impairment. Further, it limits the accommodation by providing access to people having internet connection. This gives direct birth to ‘disparate impact’ whereby web-based hiring creates membership and access based on sub-groups, age etc. Employers are also making extensive use of social networking tools and websites like Facebook, Twitter and other to conduct background checks and gather information and confirming the credentials of candidates. This directly gives rise to invasion of privacy and unlawful spying on profiles of candidates which are otherwise not considered as authentic means of background

Writing suggestions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing suggestions - Essay Example Therefore, the challenge of every young adult like me is to find out for himself what good a particular group can bring him and how he can use it in his life. Perhaps, the most influential group I have ever been a part of has always been my family. My family is a big one, an extended family that somehow dictated my every decision even which school I should go to, or which woman I should marry, or which people I should not make friends with, and even which political view I should adopt. My aunts and uncles in both my mother and father sides were highly opinionated people and extremely argumentative too, and sometimes even to the point of being overly critical. Perhaps, it is because they are professionals – lawyers, professors, doctors, and engineers. Since my family values respect for the elderly and since I knew that these people are used to others agreeing with their opinion, I have learned how to be humble, passive and submissive whenever I encountered my older family membe rs. It was necessary for me to say â€Å"yes† to them whenever they asked me to do an errand or whenever they gave me some advice on anything – even if it was ridiculous. Another group to which I believe I have particularly belonged for a long time is my group of friends at my high school, with whom I still communicate until now. They have mostly gone to other universities but they have been the most supportive to me during my high school years. Whereas my family only severely criticized me whenever I did poorly on any particularly subject in high school, my friends then distracted me from my frustrations and disappointments with my family. Had I not paid attention to their distractions and had I only focused on the destructive criticisms, I would be taking drugs now. Nevertheless, thanks to my friends in high school – they got me into sports and backpacking. At least, my mind had earned itself a well-deserved break from the constant nagging of my self-righteous family members. With my high school group of friends, there were only just two easy ways to adapt – to play sports and to be myself. Basketball and soccer were as easy to me as having breakfast in the morning so it was not much of a challenge. Ironically, being myself was harder for I grew up in a family where I had to please everyone to the point of assuming a whole new different character. Nevertheless, my family is obviously a more superior group to my high school friends in terms of rules. Another group who I believe has influenced me much is my three friends from our neighborhood. I got these three male friends from the neighborhood who are almost the same age with me and who are also into sports. These three young men are actually extremely dependent on their very supportive parents to the point of being spoiled. In fact, they belong to this group of people who just want to spend their time away, even waste it, thinking they got their parents to back them up all the ti me. They would usually treat me to some coffee, Gatorade or some Caesar’s salad, as they are all health buffs. Actually, I have nothing to do except to remain below their financial level – that is the only silent requirement for the group. They are three proud and egoistic men who think that no one in this world can equal them. Nevertheless, these three people taught me confidence, and taught me that I had my own free will all along. Somehow, I also needed this to balance the pressure that my family would sometimes impose on me. Although these three young men are not professionals yet just like my aunts and uncles, I believe they are superior in terms of mental and emotional freedom. Society and rules silently control my family members and govern their emotions and reactions, while my three friends are indifferent to a

Gender Equality Essay Example for Free

Gender Equality Essay Paying more attention to the differences between boys and girls, or men and women, starts getting people to have many ideas about them. The question remains whether we should ignore them or not. I don’t blame the family in the rural Canada for making the girl feel like she’s nothing more than just a girl, because simply these people there could be ignorant. There is a difference of course between men and women, but not that one is inferior to the other, rather as equal but distinct beings. Right before writing my opinion about boys and girls, I asked my dad whether he though there was a difference, and that maybe a girl is a girl because of influence and experience. He told me how he used to take my sister and me to Toys‘r’Us when we were small. He would bring us to what he thought were the cool toys such as mechanical gadgets and how we wouldn’t even look at them and directly walk off like zombies to the Barbie section. This explains how maybe it is in our genes, which bring off a kind of barrier, a difference between a boy, and a girl. Now maybe feminists take it a little to the extreme about female rights, but isn’t that because people (mostly men) have taken the difference between boys and girls to an extent where they forget about equality and what woman are really capable of doing? I still believe that there are many ways of stereotyping men and women these days, even as distinct as they were in the rural Canada in the selection. It is possible, but I believe the more educated we are, the less we will care about whether we are a man or a woman. In some countries, it is the communities’ traditions which still give to men more rights and privileges than to women. This is mostly because people in those areas are not yet socially evolved to the Western level. For example, in Saudi Arabia woman wont dare revolt or express their ideas of what’s really unfair or unethical to them or not. We need to stop buying into the myth about gender equality. It isnt a reality yet. Today, women make up half of the U.S. workforce, but the average working woman earns only 77 percent of what the average working man makes. But unless women and men both say this is unacceptable, things will not change. Men have to demand that their wives, daughters, mothers and sisters earn more—commensurate with their qualifications and not their gender. Equality will be achieved when men and women are granted equal pay and equal respect. Humanity requires both men and women, and we are equally important and need one another. So why are we viewed as less than equal? These old attitudes are drilled into us from the very beginning. We have to teach our boys the rules of equality and respect, so that as they grow up, gender equality becomes a natural way of life. And we have to teach our girls that they can reach as high as humanly possible. We have a lot of work to do, but we can get there if we work together. Women are more than 50 percent of the population and more than 50 percent of the voters. We must demand that we all receive 100 percent of the opportunities.

Immigration In The United States Of America History Essay

Immigration In The United States Of America History Essay During its first hundred years, the United States had a laissez-faire policy toward immigration-no limits. Federal, state, and local governments, private employers, shipping companies and railroads, and churches promoted immigration to the United States. For example, subsidizing railroad construction led to the recruitment of immigrant workers by private railroad companies. High tariffs kept out European manufactured goods and thus created a demand for more workers in American factories. The federal government relied on immigrants to staff the army-immigrants were about a third of the regular soldiers in the 1840s, and an even higher proportion of many state militias. The Door-Ajar era approach began in 1870s. There were popular movements to restrict the immigration of particular groups perceived as threatening. Congress barred the entry of convicts and prostitutes in 1875, and the Immigration Act of 1882 for the first time prohibited immigration from a particular country- China-at the behest of urban workers in California who felt threatened by unfair competition. ( ) Immigration from China was illegal for most of the next 60 yearsEven though a weak economy and increasing immigration led to restrictions on immigration, foreign policy considerations delayed the implementation of these restrictions. The Door-Ajar policy started to gain momentum after 1890. Restrictions and attempts to impose restrictions were the product of a fluctuating economy. But the major reason for the growing opposition to immigration was its composition. Whereas the majority of the old immigrant came from Western Europe, most of the new immigrants came from Eastern and Sout hern Europe. The German, British and the other Western Europe immigrants who were Protestant overall, were replaces by Russians, Polish and Italian immigrants, the majority of whom were Greek-Orthodox, Catholic or Jewish. One of the most important aspects of this era was the attempt to block immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe. Most of the efforts were totally unsuccessful. The shift to the more restrictive Pet-door era started in 1917, when, after numerous attempts, Congress finally passed the literacy test bill and in addition to the literacy test, the immigration act of 1917 added excludable classes, raised the head tax, and introduced the power to deport aliens convicted of certain offenses. A couple of years later, Congress imposed the first quantitative restrictions on immigration, limiting arrivals to 3 percent of the foreign-born persons of each nationality present in the United States in 1910. The base year was soon pushed back to 1890, before most third-wave immigrants had arrived, when northern and western Europeans made up a larger proportion of the population. Restrictions on permanent immigration reached a peak during and after World War I. However, wars also generate support for temporary migration. World War I created a demand for additional manpower because part of the labor force was drafted, another part was employed in war industries. World War II, like World War I had an impact on immigration policy. First, the war increased conformity and anti-immigration sentiment, leading to some restrictions on freedom of expression, potential immigrants and foreign-born citizens. Secondly, the wartime need for manpower generated the recruitment of migrant workers. But the most important development during World War II was the growing influence of foreign policy considerations which led to the liberalization of U.S immigration policy. In the 1960s, the civil rights movement highlighted government discrimination against nonwhites, which influenced in a negative way U.S. immigration policy. President John Kennedy proposed eliminating the national origins system in the early 1960s. In 1965, Congress moved to eliminate racial and ethnic discrimination in American immigration policy. It managed to do that offering priority to immigrants with relatives in the United States who petitioned for their admission inside the country. Migrants from Asia were treated like other foreigners seeking to immigrate and, for the first time, quantitative restrictions were placed on immigration from the Western Hemisphere. Until the 1980s, U.S. immigration law could be described as a complex system that is in a continue change looking to reach the needs of each generation in particular. The accelerating pace of global change affected migration patterns all over the world, and that is why US Congress responded with three major changes in immigration laws between 1980 and 1990. The first change was in the definition of refugees. The 1951 UN Refugee Convention defined a refugee as a person outside his or her country of citizenship and unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear of persecution due to the persons race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion(). During the Cold War, the United States defined refugees as persons fleeing communist dictatorship or political violence in the Middle East. But, the United States adopted the UN definition with the passage of the Refugee Act of 1980(). The number of refugees resettled is determined each year by the president in consultation with Congress. The second major policy change aimed to reduce illegal immigration. During the 1960s, the Border Patrol apprehended 1.6 million foreigners; during the 1970s, apprehensions rose five-fold to 8.3 million. After studying the effects of illegal immigration commissions concluded that illegal migrants adversely affected unskilled American workers and undermined the rule of law. They urged the government to continue the effort to reduce migration in United States. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) recorded a historic deal between those who wanted to prevent more illegal migration and those who wanted to legalize the status of illegal foreigners who already are on United States territory. The most important upgrades that The Immigration Reform and Control Act brought are as it follows. Required employers to attest to their employees immigration status, and granted amnesty to certain illegal immigrants who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and had resided there continuously. Also it made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit illegal immigrants (immigrants who do not possess lawful work authorization).Last, it granted a path towards legalization to certain agricultural seasonal workers and immigrants who had been continuously and illegally present in the United States since January 1, 1982. Immigration remained a high-profile political issue in the early 1990s. People were less tolerant of unauthorized immigrants, who were usually in low-skilled jobs. California Governor Pete Wilson won re-election in 1994 in part by endorsing Proposition 187, an initiative that would have excluded illegal migrants from state-funded services, including public schools. Concern about immigration, terrorism, and welfare contributed to three major laws in 1996: The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (ATEDPA), the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA). The Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act (EBSVERA) of 2002 required universities to keep better track of the foreign students they enrolled and heightened scrutiny of visa applicants from countries deemed sponsors of terrorism. Foreigners needing visas to enter the United States must be interviewed by consu lar officers abroad, and applications from most Middle Eastern countries are sent to Washington, D.C., to be checked against government databases to detect terrorists. The REAL ID Act of 2005 prohibits federal agencies from accepting drivers licenses issued by the 10 states that granted them to unauthorized foreigners. Perhaps the most important change after Sept. 11 was the creation of a new cabinet agency, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Immigration and Naturalization Service was moved from the U.S. Department of Justice to DHS and divided into three different agencies. One focused on border enforcement and inspecting persons arriving in the United States, one oversaw enforcement of immigration laws, and the third handled applications for immigration benefits. In Britain most immigration has been permanent. British immigration control policy has been influenced during time by different elements like the volume of dissimilar immigration, foreign policy considerations, external threats and wars. From its beginnings until the early twentieth century, Britain had a liberal immigration policy. Great Britain regulated immigration only twice in this period. First regulation was the 1872-1873 Alien Act. It was phrased as a temporary measure and also it was renewed at intervals until 1926. The second restriction on immigration arrived in 1848. Political instability in Europe generated a flow of political refugees, whose presence in England brought several disturbances. A good example is the 1792 case when the external threat represented by those refugees led to the approval of the Aliens Removal Act. This Act gave to the Home Secretary and the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland the power to deport any foreigner against whom written allegations had been mad e. Britain kept a liberal immigration policy until the early twentieth century. This policy was facilitated by the limited immigration into Britain, by the similarity between most of the immigrants and the local population and by foreign policy considerations(Smith1981). In 1905 Parliament passed the Aliens Immigration Act. One of the reasons was the unprecedented influx of Jewish immigrants. The 1905 Aliens Immigration act was administrated in a very liberal fashion by the liberal government that came into power the following year. Nevertheless, the act stayed on the books and its significance lay in the breach with the principle of the previous eighty years that Britain should be freely open to immigration from overseas. (Rees 1979). World War I produced the next restriction on immigration to Britain. In August that year, The House of Commons passed the Aliens Restriction Act. The 1914 legislation which was much tougher than the 1905 Act, gave the Home Secretary powers to prohibit the entry of immigrants and to deport them. It was the first time when aliens had to register with the police. The main object of 1914 act, as presented by the Home secretary was to secure the detention and removal of spies. It was renewed after the war by the Aliens Restriction Act of 1919. Even though during the 1920s and 1930s economic depression most of the countries restricted immigration, Britain avoided that to happen and more than that even emphasized its commitment to free migration within the Commonwealth. The direction of migration changed once Britain entered World War II and faced a shortage in manpower. After World War II the UK government faced an unprecedented situation. Britain was no longer seen as a top world power, and the concept of Commonwealth started to replace the notion of Empire. Immigration started to be seen by politicians as a opportunity to bring back the country to its previous international status. Humanitarian solidarity of 1939-45 and sponsored immigration of the 1945-62 were perceived a bit different. In order to obtain a clear conclusion it is advised to evaluate chronologically UK government response to colored immigration. Doing this the shifts in policy over time during that specific period will be very clear underlined. The relationship between immigrants and the state remain pretty much the same even though there were changes of administration and policy. A very interesting experience for the British government was the Post-war immigration issues. No doubt that traditionally until the late 1970s the UK had been considered by many a country of net immigrat ion. Anyway due to economic reasons immigration was actively supported as a matter of policy by the UK government starting with 1945. Two years later an independent economic survey was commissioned by the government. The results brought out that the general opinion was that, a useful contribution can be made by foreign labor. Also the survey revealed that the increasing of working population is does not have to be a temporary measure. The newly conceived National Health Service, London Transport and British Rail brought workers from the newly opened recruitment centers in West Indies to the UK but the numbers recruited in these ventures were relatively small to begin with, so they established a nucleus of ethnicity in certain areas. The foreign labor recommended in the 1947 government survey was not only for colored immigrants. A white core policy was instead in the minds of the authorities. In the next years following the war European immigrants were preferred to colored and the Government authorities ware scared of the workers solidarity and how it may affect the relationship with Westminster. After thirty years the records showed all the measures that were taken to block their entry in the UK. One good example is the delaying of issuing the passport so that the colored people could not work legally in the UK and the list continues. In the next year 1948, in The British Nationality Act it began the conceptual separation between British and Commonwealth citizenship and the UK immigration law was begging to rise. Therefore in the next years the visa restrictions for the coloured were taken out and an influx of blacks and Asians, approximately 14000 per annum came in the UK but , in 1962 most towns across the UK remained predominantly white only. In exception in the Wales a small numbers of coloured came and these people were found only in the docks of the capital. The government authorities did not respond properly to the increased number of immigrations and the media elevated the issue to an underserved status of national importance. The individual partisan policy issues clearly played a big role in the timing and manner of the execution of immigration legislation. For example in 1959 the elections were won by the Conservatives for the third time and as the traditional centre-right party of the UK it was no surprise that they should oversee the passing of the most stringent law against coloured immigrants, the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act. It was clear that the law could be seen as a new government policy of moving the economic market to Europe at the beginning of the 1960, which necessitated a symbolic move away from the Commonwealth. David Childs said that Macmillan had a great success in convincing his colleagues of the need of this new road.In other order it was a fact that immigration legislation was motivated by external geo-strateg ic issues and not by the issues of numbers, facts and figures of arrivals into the country. Besides that, the British government acknowledged that its definition of nationality as it was written in the 1948 acct was old-fashioned. This was a good opportunity te begin the second phase of post-war legislation starting with the landmark 1962 Commonwealth act. This act enforced much more tight guidelines regarding entry to to UK. Racial undertones were clearly present as the Act was centred upon immigrants from the New Commonwealth and did not concern immigration from the Old Commonwealth or Ireland.( ). Obviously the British state was keen to legally underline the difference between being British and being a subject of the Empire. This action took place in order to protect what it perceived as a delicate domestic balance. As Jack Watson concludes; It was one thing to control immigration unlimited population growth would add to Britains social problems but the fierce criticism of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act, both at home and abroad, centred on the argument that it was di rected against immigration from the New Commonwealth and not against immigration in general. Yet in spite of the arrival of the concept of quotas into the political discourse regarding immigration the numbers of immigrants did not supported a huge change after 1962. Therefore, although the UK government responded to public opinion, a strong sense of ethnic superiority and political expediency, the reality of the matter remained that immigration, post 1945, was an economic and not a nationalistic issue. After the 1997 election UK immigration policy started a new chapter. The White Paper in 1998 showed a different and modern way of handling immigration and asylum . The paper claimed that Britain has lots of advantages from legal immigration. The new strategic way of thinking has been implemented on several different levels . The liberalizing aspects were completely non politic. It was underlined the need for skilled force, the decisive proof coming from various pieces of research . The refugee restrictions favoured by New Labour in its first item of legislation the Asylum and Immigration Act 1999 which involved abolition of cash benefits for asylum seekers and a strict policy of dispersal required a public mood of deep antipathy towards this group of people to allow it to be carried through. The consequences of depriving people of the possibility of any degree of self-determination in respect of their life in the UK, and off pushing them even further out of the mainstream of ordinary life, could easily be predicted. It would result in human rights violations (particularly in relation to the right to family life), economic hardship because of grossly inadequate levels of support though the voucher scheme, and an increase in racist attacks against a group of people so widely proclaimed as being unworthy of better treatment. The refugee support networks across the country soon came alive with accounts of how exactly these outcomes were coming about, right up to the point of serious acts of violence and even the murder of at least one asylum seeker. But no sooner was the evidence of these disastrous consequences accumulating, than a reaction to the reaction emerged amongst groups who developed sympathies with the asylum seekers. Faith groups lobbied ministers over the evidence of increasing financial hardship and the obvious suffering of refugee children. Teachers, and even police chiefs, went on record to complain against the deterioration of civil relations between ethnic groups in the school playground and the wider community. The British Medical Association expressed grave concern over the declining health of refugee communities, and the trades union movement, led by transport union leader Bill Morris, staged a revolt against the voucher scheme. Clearly, asylum seekers had their supporters and defende rs, and these tended to be most vocal in the social groups which the Labour government counted upon as their key supporters. In the early 1990, Britain stood out as a country that has reduced immigration to a unavoidable core of family reunification and asylum seekers, numbering no more than 50000 in one year. Since than, both policy an policy outcomes have reversed sharply. The labour government increased the number of work permits issued, promised to reform the Immigration act of 1971 in order to encourage primary immigration, an reevalueted citizenship through the proposed incorporation of citizenship of classes, language texts and naturalization ceremonies. The Labour party started to rethink its core strategy in the 4th semester of 2001 due to a cabinet change. The new Home Secretary from that time, David Blunkett can be considered the initiator of the strategy. In the same time with the new way of Labourss thinking, a change to a more pugnacious style of engagement with public opinion could be noted.( ).The September 11, a date that changed United Sates approach, was almost as important for UK and in the winter of 2002, a second White Paper appeared, this time punctuating the very complex issue of security. Surprisingly though, not the immigrants that were on their way coming to UK were the concern, but those who had finished their migration process recently an who believed of themselves as totally settled in Britain. The controverter problem of the naturalisation of long-settled immigrant communities came onto centre stage as Home Secretary Blunkett sought to open up a new debate about the extent to which these groups had assimilated the distinctive values of UK society. The background to this issue was provided by the summer riots in several northern English towns in 2001. Experts commenting on these developments opened up discussion about the absence of social cohesion revealed by these developments. The principle complaint of one of the most influential of these commentators Lord Herman Ousley was that poverty and lack of resources had prevented civic and other public authorities from addressing the grave problem of racial division, which was a prominent feature of these northern cities. In the White Paper, concerns of this nature were not so subtly transformed into criticism of immigrant communities themselves, for failing to take robust action to ensure their integration into mainstream society. Blunkett was also prepared to do more than had been done during Straws tutelage at the Home Office to force public discussion of economic migration. A whole chapter of the White Paper discussed the issue of working in the UK. The mood here was that government policy was allowing British employers to lead the world in vigorous competition for the brightest and the best amongst the global workforce. The reforms to the work permit scheme of the previous 18 months were set out in detail, and the substantial increase in the volume of people entering in these categories became the badge of success. In the competition to ensure that British business had all the resources it needed to come out on top, the Labour government would not accept second place. The White Paper thus framed the whole question of economic migration as being essentially a matter of business strategy, rather than anything to do with the rights of workers in increasingly globalised labour markets. Indeed, the White Paper wandered into the terrain of considering the clear demand for less skilled workers, and concluded that this would be dealt with by opening up channels for temporary, seasonal migration schemes, which have in practice been associated with the often ruthless exploitation of young foreign students. It is clear from the approach set out in the White Paper that those workers admitted to met local shortages in the informally-skilled sectors of tourism and hospitality industries, construction and agriculture, will not acquire such rights as family reunification, equality of treatment, or long-term settlement in the UK.

Hindustan Unilever Limited Is Indias Largest Company Marketing Essay

Hindustan Unilever Limited Is Indias Largest Company Marketing Essay HUL was formed in 1933 as Lever Brothers India Limited and came into being in 1956 as Hindustan Lever Limited through a merger of  Lever Brothers, Hindustan Vanaspati Mfg. Co. Ltd. and United Traders Ltd. Its headquarters is in  Mumbai, India. It has employee strength of over 15,000 employees. The company was renamed in June 2007 as Hindustan Unilever Limited. Hindustan Unilevers distribution covers over 1 million retail outlets across India directly and its products are available in over 6.3 million outlets in the country. It estimates that two out of three Indians use its many home and personal care products, food and beverages. In the villages: HUL has also revamped its sales organisation in the rural markets to fully meet the emerging needs and increased purchasing power of the rural population. The company has brought all markets with populations of below 50,000 under one rural sales organisation. The team comprises an exclusive sales force and exclusive redistribution stockists, under the charge of dedicated managers. The team focuses on building superior availability, while enabling brand building in the deepest interiors. HULs distribution network in rural India already directly covers about 50,000 villages, reaching about 250 million consumers. Political Factor It means to what degree government intervenes in the economy. Political factors include areas such as tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided. Further more, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation. Economic Factor -These include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. For example, interest rates affect a firms cost of capital and therefore to what extent a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy. Social Factor These include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. Technological Factor -These factors include technological aspects such as research and development activity, technology incentives.They can determine barriers to entry. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. Here are some more factors which can affect a business:- Environmental Factors -These include ecological and environmental aspects such as weather, climate, which may especially affect industries such as tourism, farming, and insurance. Furthermore, growing awareness of the impacts of climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offer, both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying existing ones. Legal Factors These include different type of laws such as discrimination law, consumer law, employment law, and health and safety law. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. The impacts of these factors on Hindustan uniliver limited. These 6 are the most common factors which can affect a business directly or indirectly. Hindustan uniliver limited is an old organisation.It has produced many products like soaps,surfs,detergents and etc.In all the retailing Stores we will find the products of hidustan uniliver limited as there products are very famous all over the country.A company like hul is all affected with some factors.The factors we have discussed earlier. There are factors like political and now the political factors can affect the working of an organisation in a big way.Political factors includes tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs.These are the some items which can affect a organisation politically.Government can change the Tax policy or tarrifs etc.Government can impose the restrictions on trade etc and company will have to accept the changes as they are made by the government. The second factor which have affected Hindustan uniliver limited is economic factor. Economic factor include many things like economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. These are the main things which are considered in economic factors. Economic growth means the rate at which the the growth of the economy is going. Exchange rates means the rates at which the exchange takes place between two organisations. Inflation means where there is excess demand and shortage of supply.If the inflation rate goes high then the organisation will be affected as demand will be more and supply of goods will be less. The third factor which have affected the Hindustan uniliver limited is social factor.Social factor include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes. Social factors also affects the organisation in a big way.If the population is growing at a high rate then it will affect the organisation as there are more demand for products than supply. The fourth and the most important factor is technological factors. Technology is the most important factor which the organisation have to look. As we know that technology changes very quickly.we see in daily life that almost everyday a new technology is invented.The organisation will have to keep updated with the new technologies and it should also educate the employees about the technologies.Hindustan Uniliver is affected by the technology factor because the company has not adopted the new technologies.

Database Comparison of SQL Server 2000, Access, MySQL, DB2, and Oracle

Introduction This paper will compare and contrast five different database management systems on six criteria. The database management systems (DBMS) that will be discussed are SQL Server 2000, Access, MySQL, DB2, and Oracle. The criteria that will be compared are the systems’ functionality, the requirements that must be met to run the DBMS, the expansion capabilities – if it is able to expand to handle more data over time, the types of companies that typically use each one, the normal usage of the DBMS, and the costs associated with implementing the DBMS. System functionality Microsoft Access is a database engine and development environment in one package. It is typically workstation-based, and designed to be easy to use, even for users with no experience. However, it also provides advanced functionality for experienced users. MySQL is the largest open-source RDMBS, and it is server-based, as well as the rest of the DBMS that will be discussed. According to the mysql.com website, it offers high reliability and performance, easy use and deployment, freedom from platform lock-in by providing ready access to source code, and cross-platform support. SQL Server is an enterprise class RDBMS from Microsoft. It is part of the Back Office Suite of products. Although it is always server-based in production, it can be client-based in development. DB2 is also an enterprise-class DBMS, produced by IBM. It offers some object-oriented functionality, as well as cross-platform compatibility, and is server-based. Finally, Oracle offers much of the same functionality as DB2 , with cross-platform capability, and some object-oriented features. It, as well, is server-based. System Requirements There is a correlation between the complexity of the DBMS and the system requirements. For instance, Access can be installed on any Windows-based operating system from Windows 95 and above. SQL Server, in the widely used Standard and Enterprise editions, is also strictly Windows-based, but must be run on Windows NT or 2000 Servers. The personal and development editions of SQL Server may be run on Windows NT Workstation, and Windows 2000 and XP Professional, in addition to the server platforms. MySQL has a wide variety of platforms, including the Windows platforms, Sun Solaris, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and HP-UX, to list a few. DB2 will run on Windows NT 4 and higher, Sun Solaris, HP-UX and Linux.... ...n   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper was written to show the similarities and differences in five different databases. It compared Access, MySQL, SQL Server, DB2, and Oracle in six different areas. It found many similarities in functionality, but large diversity in pricing. References Chigrik, Alexander, Oracle 9i Database vs DB2 v8.1 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/oracle_vs_db2.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs Access 2000 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_access.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs DB2 v8.1 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_db2.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs MySQL version 4.1 (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_mysql.htm Chigrik, Alexander, SQL Server 2000 vs Oracle 9i (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from http://www.mssqlcity.com/Articles/Compare/sql_server_vs_oracle.htm MySQL Licensing Policy (n.d.), retrieved April 6, 2005, from the MySQL company website: http://www.mysql.com/company/legal/licensing/

Independent Media and the Internet Essay -- Newspapers Journals News P

Independent Media and the Internet Independent Media has long existed across the globe. As the voice of dissent it is often repressed by governments and corporations that look the hide the truth. Indy Media began as print newspapers that often faced high production cost and difficult means of expanding beyond local circulation. They did not have the established means and financial backing that major news corporations had. Indy newspapers were often hard to obtain, quite expensive, and unable to cover all major topics due to resources. Journals such as The Nation and The Progressive managed to obtain nationwide circulation, but were often unknown outside of politically left leaning groups. Sources such as The Nation actually began as a way to promote leftist ideals and views. Most mainstream media was fairly well balanced due to government restrictions on ownership and responsibility. The population of the United States was receiving fairly unbiased information. Then came the Clinton Administration and the decision to deregulate the Broadcast Industry. Almost all major media outlets were swallowed up by a few large corporations. In several years following the deregulation the whole industry would be controlled by seven enormous corporate conglomerates. They would come to favor profits over journalistic integrity. As advocates of big business the unspoken policy has been that the news should also be portrayed with conservative slants. In 1995 only 7.5% of quotes on television programming were from progressives (Myths). At approximately the same time that media was being engulfed in corporatism came the internet boom. The first organization to really take initiative with this new medium was th... ...85684604&dyn=8!xrn_7_0_A85684604?sw_aep=viva_jmu>. â€Å"Zimbabwe: Journalist describes his "illegal" detention.† BBC Monitoring International Reports. 6 February 2002. 1 April 2003 <http://web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/268/613/35524752w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A85327330&dyn=8!xrn_13_0_A85327330?sw_aep=viva_jmu>. â€Å"Zimbabwe journalist Mark Chavunduka, 1965-2002.† Ed. Bill Krueger. Winter 2002. Nieman Reports, Harvard University. 2 April 2003. 3 April 2003 <http://web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/268/613/35524752w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A97175093&dyn=8!xrn_1_0_A97175093?sw_aep=viva_jmu>. â€Å"Zimbabwe: Some 500 opposition supporters reportedly detained, tortured.† BBC Monitoring International Reports. 11 April 2003. <http://web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/268/613/35524752w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A99943264&dyn=6!xrn_24_0_A99943264?sw_aep=viva_jmu>.

Ronald Takaki’s A Different Mirror

Dr. Ronald Takaki, a professor in the Ethnic Studies Department at the University of California, Berkeley, describes America’s immigrant history from the perspective of the minority group in the time period from Colonial America to the Los Angeles riots of 1992 (the year before the book was published).The author examines the historical experiences of different immigrant groups upon arrival in America, their reasons and expectations for coming, and the impact of such immigrations upon the Native American tribes who were already living in America and thought they possessed the land.The groups discussed include African Americans, Chinese, Japanese and other Southeast Asians, Irish, European Jews, and Hispanics, each of whom tended to originally settle in different parts of the country and perform different types of work that was available.   This is an enormous undertaking in a book of 428 pages.The book is extremely useful to both readers and teachers through its explanation o f the reasons ethnic groups immigrated into the   parts of the country in which each settled.   For example,   Chinese immigrants were usually husbands with wives and children left in China to ensure the men would continue to send money home.The site of immigration often determined the available work and jobs.   The Chinese came to the West Coast and became railroad workers, virtually building the Central Pacific Railroad in 1869 and uniting the country.   Then they went into the agricultural industry of California and into small businesses requiring a minimal cash outlay to start.   By the 1850’s, the Chinese quarter of San Francisco existed with small stores, Chinese societies and traditions, and gangs.The Japanese family unit migrated because the Japanese government encouraged this means of maintaining Japan’s national honor.   Most came with wives or imported them to work in businesses as unpaid family labor.   The Japanese, being 2% of Californiaâ €™s population, were disliked but incorporated into a paternalistic, racial hierarchy, where they also helped to build the railroad, became farmers, and worked in canneries.Since the book is written from the ethnic groups’ perspective, the leaders of the United States, being primarily Caucasian men whose opinions reflected those of the times, often appear short-sighted and ignorant of the consequences of their actions.Dr. Takaki is particularly harsh on Benjamin Franklin, Andrew Jackson, and Thomas Jefferson, all fairly well regarded during their lives.   He also omits important women   in American history, except for writers.   The first woman mentioned is Phyllis Wheatly, an African American poetess of the Colonial Era.There were other important women in that era, as discussed in Our Founding Mothers, by Cokie Roberts.   He also does not mention any of the women involved in the Abolitionist Movement, the Women’s Suffrage Movement, or any other womenâ€⠄¢s movement.     Towards the end of the book, he mentions several female writers and their works, including Gloria Anzaldua, Gloria Steinem, Alice Walker, and Toni Morrison, all cultural minority writers.There are no stereotypes.   The settings of the book are authentic and describe in detail the way the minorities lived, the areas in which they lived, and the work they did.   Dr. Takaki discusses in detail the immigration of European Jews from Russia and Eastern Europe as refugees from the Pale, a part of Russia set apart for them, who could not return to their homelands without being killed.The Jews were typically educated, had middle class values, worked hard, and were socioeconomic mobile.   Their skin was white, they spoke English, and most changed their names to fit into existing American culture.   They settled   primarily on the East Coast and started work in the garment industry and opened small shops.All made certain that their children were well-educated an d did not have to work at such menial positions.   African-Americans began as slaves in the original American colonies.   The author mentions several famous Abolitionist men – Frederick Douglas, John Brown and Martin Delany (the leading Black Nationalist of the 19th Century, who was admitted to Harvard Medical School and told he would have to practice in Africa).He discusses how World War I created a labor shortage when European immigration was closed, creating a need for African-Americans to migrate to the northern cities where work and housing was plentiful.   The Harlem Renaissance he dismisses as imagined (page 357) by the white intellectuals.He mentions some individual African Americans of significance including Marcus Garvey (who wanted to establish a Black nation in Africa); Adam Clayton Powell (Congressman); and Zora Neal Hurston (author of Their Eyes Were Watching God).Dr. Takaki’s discussion of the Hispanic revolution is sketchy.   Part of California was settled by upper class Spaniards who created their own hierarchy by ranking darkening skin color, with pure Indians and laborers being on the bottom.     There is so much information available on how badly the government treated the Native Americans that his discussion of this material was brief by necessity.

Essay about George Orwell Essay

Themes argon the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. George Orwell re-uses many of his newspaper publishers in order to get his point across. In Why I put out, Orwell states that nonp atomic number 18il of the reasons he writes is for political purpose. He expresses this theme in his essays, An issue of Bed-wetting and St. Cyprians, as well as his novels, 1984 and zoology promote.In An Episode of Bed-wetting and St. Cyprians, Orwell expresses how he feels active the government in the school, St. Cyprians. While tending St. Cyprians Orwell and many of the different boys who were non rich, were treated unfairly. Sambo, the headmaster, and Flip, his wife, always seemed to opine down upon the boys who were not rich and did not dupe glosss. Orwell even tells the reader, The rich boys had draw and biscuits in the middle of the morning, they were given travel lessons once a week, Flip mothered former(prenominal) and c entirelyed them by thei r Christian names, and above all they were never canned (Atwan 166). In An Episode of Bed-wetting, Orwell mentions the ordinal Form.It was a aggroup at school made up of older boys who were selected as having character and were sceptered to beat smaller boys (Atwan 16). It was made enlighten by Orwell that this tradition was a slur strange. But after his second walloping he claimed, the second beating seemed to me a just and reasonable punishment (Atwan 18). Orwell is seek to operate the reader understand that the governance at St. Cyprians has misdirect the boys by making them think that the Sixth Form is an appropriate way of treatment matters.Orwell states in Why I Write, that he is against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism (Atwan 418). George Orwell published 1984 in 1949, the same form that the Soviet Union exploded its branch atomic bomb. The arms race that followed the Soviets development of nuclear weaponry quickly escalated into the rimy War, which raged for the next four decades as the frightful ideological gulf separating capitalism and nation from totalitarianism and Communism led to sh atomic number 18d hatred between the United States and the Soviet Union, the dry lands nigh sizable nations. Also, many of the methods that the Party in 1984 uses to keep abreast its absolute power, much(prenominal) as the rewrite of hi recital and the use of political icons, were rattlingemployed in Communist nations almost the world. Big Brother is similar to Lenin in the Soviet Union and Mao in China. In 1984, Orwell portrays the perfect totalitarian society, the most extreme realization imaginable of a modern-day government with absolute power.The title of the novel was meant to indicate to its readers in 1949 that the bilgewater represented a real opening night for the near future if totalitarianism were not opposed, the title suggested, some variation of the world described in the novel could beseem a reality in all thir ty-five years. Orwell portrays a state in which government monitors and controls all(prenominal) aspect of military personnel life to the extent that even having a disloyal thought is against the law. In 1984 Orwell writes, Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past (Orwell 63). The Party has cease political power in the present, enable it to control the way in which its subjects think about and interpret the past every history book reflects Party ideology, and individuals are forbidden from keeping mementos of their own pasts, such as photographs and documents. As a result, the citizens of Oceania have a very short, fuzzy memory, and are willing to believe anything that the Party tells them. creature bring forth, by George Orwell, is said to be most famous in the western as a stinging literary criticism of the history and rhetoric of the Russian Revolution. Retelling the story of the emergence and development of Soviet collectivism i n the form of an animal fable, brute Farm allegorizes the rise to power of the dictator Joseph Stalin. Although Orwell believed strongly in socialist ideals, he felt that the Soviet Union accomplished these ideals in a terribly depraved form. His novel creates its most powerful ironies in the moments in which Orwell depicts the corruption of living organismist ideals by those in power. Even though Animal Farm serves not so much to decry tyranny or despotism as to indict the horrifying hypocrisy of tyrannies that secondary themselves on, and owe their initial power to, ideologies of sac and compareity.The gradual disintegration and perversion of the septenary Commandments illustrates this hypocrisy with vivid force. In Animal Farm, Orwell writes, All animals are equal, save some animals are more equal than others (Orwell 112). In this statement, the rulers (the pigs), are re-writing laws to make things elevate them. Also, many people will misunderstand the word equal in th e set-back part as a coition term rather than an absolute one. once a misreading like this takes place, the marrow ideals of the animal farm, and any human nation, in stages become corrupted.Orwell uses polemics in order to make his reader think his views are correct. governance are extremely important to George Orwell, which is why he always seems to write about it.Works CitedAtwan, Robert. Ten on Ten. Bedford Books of St. Martins Press Boston, 1992Orwell, George. 1984. Harcourt Brace Javanovich, Inc. London, 1949Orwell, George. Animal Farm A Fairy Story. Harcourt Brace & come with London, 1946

Audience Analysis

The ACA Open cognition On contention Guide Tyrone L. Adams, Ph. D. netmailprotected edu DAquin prof of journalism and intercourse De luckment of Communication Univer patterny of Louisiana, Lafayette and stopcock A. DeCaro, Ph. D. emailprotected edu Department Chair and Associate Professor of Communication Department of Communication calcium State University Stanislaus The Signifi elicitce of sense of perceive synopsis Strategic in exclusively(a)y Considering Your Tar appropriate Populace It rouse non be said frequently enough cheat YOUR AUDIENCEK the like a shoting your referencetheir smells, positions, period, comprehend take, job functions, actors line and closingeis the one to the highest shade take aim of import aspect of under weargond your barbarism. Your earshot isnt just a passive group of mountain who herald to stunher by happenstance to learn to you. Your reference is assembled for a in truth authoritative undercoat They essential to expose what you al bureausywhere allow on to take. In semipublic disquisition, the discoering is the inviolate reason This module aids you conceive The unfavor able-bodied importance of engender outing your interview. The various fellowships employ in analyzing a conductn reference.The cardinal socio-economic classs of any aban go intoed sense of comprehend digest. you ar giving the patois thus, the sense of hearing is the most master(prenominal) component of possessancemaking. We essay our reference beca part we compulsion to break down in assortmentation that leave behind help construct a intimacy amid the literalizer and the audition. We c in all this fall in denomination. Aristotle loosely called it finding a prevalent ground. This isnt a one-way rile believe at among the talker unit and the reference rather, it is a cardinal-way trans put by means ofal unconscious process. When you halt an abbreviate winding to soun d a tone to your intellects, you argon asking them to ejaculate partway into your frame as a vocalizer.And, in return, it is your certificate of indebtedness to go partway into their compensate out as an auditory modality member. The to a greater extent than(prenominal) than you k now and under jump rough your earshot and their pick ups, the better you displace packing pass water your manner of literalize. For case Bob Mullins, a local anesthetic bank officer, was preparing for a terminology at the Rotary Club in Dallas, Texas on finding the right loan for a contrasting ethnic listening. He knew his stem extremely well, had put a plenitude of heavy(p) incline into his question, and had his visual assist in articulate. peerless of the things he had non comp permitely considered, however, was the audition to which he would be disquisition.On the day of the result, Mr. Mullins delivered a flawless words on car and home loans, besides the ling uistic process was non received well. You identify, on this especial(a) week, a study innovatione surgical incision of the reference consisted of the Junior Rotarians who wished to hear round soulfulnessal savings accounts and college savings computer programmes. It was a little mistake. Had Bob considered the wide- oculusd nature and inviteup of his earreach earlier to the event, he electrical capacity non fall in been received so poorly. A hard lesson learned. This module is dedicated to understanding how a speaker connects with an consultation code earshot summary.This knead is licensed under the inventive common land Attri scarcelyion-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3. 0 join States License. To view a re-create of this license, call in http//creative unwasheds. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3. 0/us/ or send a letter to originative Commons, 171 moment Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. I. How Do I Analyze My auditory modality? Whenever implying almost your speech, it is forever and a day a equitable idea to get down with a thorough sensory faculty of your reference and the roundwhat factors comprising that reference. In speech chat we simply call this doing an auditory modality abbreviation. An listening analysis is when you consider all of the pertinent elements defining the strikeup and characteristics of your sense of hearing. in that respect argon umpteen a nonher(prenominal) elements to consider, too, such as age, gender, education, occupation, language, ethnicity, culture, gutsground intimacy, wishs and interests, and previously held military strengths, judgements, and levers. Of wrangle, this is non an all-inclusive list. But, it does help you get a grave superior general understanding of the demographics fictile up whom, precisely, you go forth be addressing.From the classical affix demo (of the great deal) we come to understand that demographics be detailed acc ounts of man commonwealth characteristics. These accounts ar unremarkably rendered as statistical population segments. demographics ar widely utilise by advertising and public transaction professionals to analyze limited auditory senses so that their products or ideas allow foring carry becharm. However, all good public speakers consider the demographic characteristics of their hearing, as well. It is a, if non the, funda cordial stage of preparing for your speech.So now you whitethorn be saying to yourself Gee, thats great How do I go intimately analyzing my particular audience? Well, foremost you need to h senile up that on that point be three all overarching manners (or what we like to call paradigms) for doing an audience analysis (1) audience analysis by operate observation, (2) audience analysis by popularizeence, and (3) audience analysis through selective schooling try out. Once you get to issue how these methods work a bit better, you shou ld be able to select which one (or even crew of these methods) is right for your circumstances. hearing outline by draw Observation Audience analysis by command observation, or direct project, is, by far, the most simple(a) of the three paradigms for getting the feel of a particular audience. It is a tenor of qualitative selective discipline edgeing. We dig it through one or some(prenominal)(prenominal) than of our pentad inwrought senseshearing, squ be uping, touching, tasting, and reeking. Knowledge that we select through whateveroneal go across has more impact on us than does get laid that we learn indirectly. Knowledge acquired from individual(prenominal) experience is also more liable(predicate) to fall upon our saying and result be founder for a longer period of clip.We argon more likely to trustingness what we hear, see, feel, taste, and smell rather than what we learn from secondary sources of tellation. all told you in actuality need to do for this method of observation is to take the broad organization of your audience working in its natural state. If you be lucky enough to be able to do this originally speech production to your audience, you depart be able to gather near staple reflective entropy that tallyament help you ar hunt your thoughts and arguments for your speech. One excellent way to pose certified active your audience is to ask them approximately themselves.In its most staple fibre form, this is info collection. In the classroom stake, you should start had ample time to get to subsist your fellow classmates and become familiar with who they atomic number 18 on a mortalalised level. Through class conversationsand your unmonitored gauzy-group conversations forward and after classyou leave be able to get to roll in the hay and regard each class member as two a human macrocosmness and an audience member. You will come to understand what interests them, convinces them, or even founds them laugh.Do non deductive reasoning even a simple form of data collection such as distri besidesing a three- or four-item questionnaire before class. You major part aro intake interest and curiosity in your way out while you also accession expensive data. Knowledge acquired from personal experience is also more likely to appropriate our opineing and will be hold for a longer period of time. distinctly this tin non be done in any utter situation, however. Often, we ar required to piddle an unacquainted-audience intro. Unacquainted-audience paradeations be speeches where you ar completely unacquainted with(predicate) with the audience and its demographics.In these cases, it is al slipway scoop out to study and find close to time to sit down and blether with psyche you trust (or even multiple parties) who baron be familiar with the assumption audience. These confidantes whoremaster be very constructive in serving you understand the conte xt in which you will be speaking. You see, non understanding the discountonical demographic characteristics of an audience, or bring forward, Who is it that I am sledding to be chideing to? that audiences beliefs, take to bes, or attitudes nigh a given takings, makes your innovation goals haphazard, at top hat(p).Look nigh the room at the pot who will be listening to your speech. What returncases of gender, age, ethnicity, and educational-level characteristics will you be attracting to? What countations does your audience go for your presentation? These atomic number 18 all cardinal questions you should be asking yourself before you begin doing your adjudicate and drafting your outline. Who is it that I am going to be talking to? What, studyly, makes them, as attenders, hold? Audience Analysis by induction Audience analysis by popularizeence is plainly a legitimate propagation of your observations drawn in theWhat, exactly, makes them, as listeners, m ystify? method supra. It is a form of critical opinion cognise as inductive reasoning, and an various(a) form of qualitative data gathering. An inference is when you make a sanctioned tentative conclusion or logical judgment on the basis of public presentational inference. It is best partd when you provoke rate patterns in your evidence that indicate something is expect to happen again or should hold accredited base upon previous experiences. Do you need to learn how to interpret data and draw conclusions? Absolutely We make inferencesor bonnie assumptionsall the time.For event, when we hear someone speaking Arabic, we infer that they atomic number 18 from the put East. When we see this person carrying a repeat of The Koran, we infer that they ar also a follower of the Muslim faith. These be reasoned tentative conclusions that we make base upon the evidence easy to us and our general beledge about wad and their traits. When we reason, we make connectio ns, distinctions, and predictions we engagement what is cognise or familiar to us to reach a conclusion about something that is unknown or unfamiliar for it to make sense. Granted, of course, inferences are sometimes wrong.Heres a familiar example nearly of your classmates urge on a particular course to you, revealing you that it is relatively simple. Youve comprehend similar things from separate students, so you take the course and comprehend that they were, indeed, right. These same classmates recommend another course allegedly just as untroubled as the last one. sole(prenominal) this time, you discover the opposite to be honest. The course was deucedly problematic. You inferred, or made a reasonable assumption based on breeding from your fellow classmates, that the course they recommended would be easy. Hey You arent alone in this regard.Every personify makes these fibers of mistakes. Its a normal part of processing learning. Audience Analysis by Data sample Unli ke audience analysis by direct observation and analysis by inference, audience analysis by data sampling uses statistical evidence to define and clarify the characteristics of your audience (data is the plural form of datum). These characteristics are also known as variables, and are assigned a numerical abide by so we can consistently collect and classify them. They are report as statistics, also known as numeric analysis or quantitative data collection.Statistics are numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings. Audience analysis by data sampling requires you to vignette your audience before you give your speech. You need to know the fundamental principle of doing a survey before you very collect and interpret your data. The Basic Questionnaire in that location are a great tot of survey methods unattached to the speaker. However, we will cover three primary fonts in this section be stool they are utilized the most. The first type of survey method you sho uld know about is the basic questionnaire, which is a series of questions go to produce demographic and attitudinal data from your audience.You can easily gather randomness from your audience, employ questions similar to these to a lower place My academic level in college I currently drop no children 1 child 2 children 3 or more children I can best be separate as being Caucasian mysterious or African American Latino of Asian descent other My marital shape is single married break/separated widowed These questions investigate more deeply into the psyche of your audience members, and will help you see where they stand on certain(prenominal) gelds. reshman sophomore junior higher(prenominal)-ranking My age is less than 18 years of age between 18-21 years of age between 21-25 years of age over 25 years of age Clearly, audience members should not be required to post themselves by reference on the basic questionnaire. Anonymous questionnaires are more likely to produce truthful schooling. remember, all you are looking for is a general read of your audience, you should not be looking for specific information about any answering concerning your questionnaire in particular. It is a bulk sampling tool, alone. magic spell you can gather basic demographic data (as shown in a higher place) easily, we need to adjust our questions a bit more tightly, or ask more foc apply questions, in order of magnitude to understand the audiences predispositions to think or act in certain ways For example, an attitudinal extension on the basic questionnaire might ask some of the spare-time activity questions I regard myself as a conservative liberal kindist freelancer I believe that in that location is a God there is not a God there might be a God, but Im un indisputable none of the above These questions probe more deeply into the psyche of your audience members, and will help you see where they stand on certain issues. Of course, you whitethorn need to depart these questions a bit to get to the heart of your specific question. But, once you do, youll harbor a wealth of data at your disposal which, ultimately, will tell you how to work with your target audience.I believe that abortion is wrong, and should be illegal wrong, but should stick about legal okay, but should be illegal okay, and should remain legal none of the above order Hierarchy by Ordered Categories some other method of finding out your audiences foster set is to survey them concord to their tax hierarchy. A value hierarchy is a persons value structure placed in relationship to a given value set. The way to determine a persons value hierarchy is to use the enjoin categories sampling method. In ordered categories, the surveyor lists a number of determine on a piece of paper, and asks the respondent to order them on another piece of paper, according to their importance to the respondent (the respondent is the person who fills out the questionnaire).What occurs is t hat the respondent takes a series of determine and, in turn, develops them into a concrete self-ordered The way to determine a persons value hierarchy is to use the ordered categories sampling method. list. for each one resolution is variant, but when analyzed by the speaker, common themes will present themselves in the boilersuit data. Accordingly, the speaker can then line with those common value themes. front the example below for a given speech on homeland security initiatives Targeted valuate Set Life Liberty gumshoe independence judge Family Faith nationalism Democracy Likert-type Testing of Attitudes The final method of assessing your audiences attitudes deals with Likert-type testing.Likert-type testing is when you make a statement, and ask the respondent to quality the depth of their sentiments toward that statement any positively, negatively, or neutrally. Typically, each scale will lead 5 weighted resolution categories, being +2, +1, 0, -1, and -2. What the Likert-type test does, that other tests do not do, is measure the extent to which attitudes are held. See how the Likert-type test does this in the speech example on unasked email below UNSOLICITED EMAIL 1. Unsolicited email should be illegal 2. Making unsolicited email illegal would be fundamentally unfair to businesses 3. Making unsolicited email illegal would be a infringement of the First Amendment (Free Speech) 4. I usually cut unsolicited email before ever opening it 5.I sometimes open unsolicited email when I am worldly Strongly defend 1 Agree Neither agree nor disagree 3 Disagree Strongly Disagree 5 Ordered Value Set 1. liberty 2. Democracy 3. Liberty 4. Safety 5. Justice 2 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 A grim Likert-type test will tell you where your audience, principally speaking, stands on issues. As well, it will inform you as to the degree of the audiences beliefs on these issues. The Likert-type test should be used when attempting to assess a supe r charged or polarizing issue, because it will tell you, in rough numbers, whether or not your audience agrees or disagrees with your planned advocacy. re your audience members literally speech captives who take a crap someways been socially or schemeatically coerced into hearing you? II. The Five forms of Audience Analysis No matter which of the above inquiry methods you guide to do your audience analysis, you will, at some point, need to direct your attention to the five spirit levels of audience analysis. These are the five layers through which you will learn to better cherish your audience. Lets now examine these layers and understand the variables and constraints you should use to estimate your audiences information requirements. horizontal surface 1 The Situational Analysis The situational audience analysis layer considers the situation for which your audience is gather.This layer is chiefly concerned with why your audience is assembled in the first place. Are they automaticly collected to hear you speak? Have your audience members paid to hear you? Or, are your audience members literally speech captives who confine someways been socially or systematically coerced into hearing you? These factors are decisively great, because they place a major responsibility upon you as a speaker, whichever the case. The entire timberland and agenda of your speech rests largely upon whether or not your audience even deprivations to hear from you. Many audiences are considered captive audiences in that they train no real choice regarding the matter of hearing a given speech. In general, these are some f the most fractious audiences to address because these members are being compel to listen to a meaning and do not turn in the full transaction of their own free will. Consider for a moment when you lease been called to a needful work meeting. Were you real happy to listen to the speaker, in all honesty? Some might say yes, but usually most would ra ther be doing something else with their time. This is an important factor to oblige in drum operate when preparing your speech some simply do not want to listen to a speech they believe is compulsory. The instinctive audience situation, in stark contrast, is completely different. A voluntary audience is willingly assembled to listen to a given core.As a rule, these audiences are much easier to address because they are implicated in hearing the speech at hand. To visualize how this works, reflect upon the last speech, concert, or show youve at break awayed of your own accord. temporary hookup the event whitethorn or may not have lived up to your general expectations, the very fact that you freely went to the intimacy speaks volumes about your predisposition to listen toand perchance even be persuaded bythe information being presented. in that respects something else to be said about captive versus voluntary audiences, as well. Modern intercourse researchers have found t hat captive audiences are more heterogeneous and that voluntary audiences are more homogeneous.In other words, when captive audiences are gathered, the audience is typically heterogeneous or characterized by many demographic differences among individuals. On the other hand, when voluntary audiences assemble, by and large, they are be by homogeneous groupings, or, audiences which are characterized more by their demographic similarities than their differences. Sometimes audiences are entangled in their situational settings, too. For instance, take the familiar classroom situation. While college is pronounced to be a voluntary listening situation in that students choose to attend higher education, many people in the college classroom environment sadly feel as if they are still trapped in school, and would rather be elsewhere. Obviously, this erception colors how information is being processedand in some cases, not being processed. On the other hand, some students in college are trul y there by choice, and attentively seek out knowledge from their teacher-mentors. What results from this mixed audience situation is a hybrid captive-voluntary audience, with those who are provided partially arouse in what is going on in the classroom and those who are genuinely involved. Of course, this leaves you with a difficult set of circumstances when preparing for your class speeches. some(prenominal) you and your professor are well certified that the audience you will be speaking to Would you be more inclined to talk to issues bearing upon id not enroll in the course to hear from you, specifically. However, this difficulty of speaking to a hybrid captive-voluntary audience does present you with an excellent opportunity you will have the good fortune of speaking to people who do and do not, fully, want to hear from you. What a prospect You literally get to hone your speech readinesss on some(prenominal) types of audiences, thereby learning a skill set that many never g et to exercise. You should begin this tremendous opportunity by considering ways to inform, persuade, and humor a mixed situation audience. Think of it as a learning occasion, and youll do just fine. tier 2 The Demographic Analysis those gender, age, and track qualities?The second layer of audience analysis is demography. As mentioned before, demographics are literally a classification of the characteristics of the people. Whenever addressing an audience, it is generally a good idea to know about its age, gender, major, year in school, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, et cetera. There are two dance steps in doing an consummate demographic analysis (1) the gathering of the demographic data, and (2) the comment of this demographic data. Sometimes, this information is gathered by the questionnaire sampling method, and is done formally. On other occasions, this information is already available in a database and is made available to the speaker.Some noteworthy speakers even have scouts who do demographic reconnaissance on an audience foregoing(prenominal) to a speaking event, and make ad hoc interpretations on that audience based upon key visual cues. For example, congresspersons and senators frequently make public appearances where they use stock speeches to appeal to certain audiences with specific demographic uniqueness. In order to know what type of audience he or she will be addressing, these politicians dispatch staff aides to an event to see how many persons of color, hecklers, and supporters will be in attendance. Of course, doing ad hoc interpretation of demographic characteristics is, indeed, more an art form than a science. Still, it is a common practice among many professional speakers.Consider for a moment how valuable intentional that your audience will be mostly female, between the ages of 25 and 40, preponderantly married, and Caucasian, could be to you as a public speaker. Would you change your inwardness to fit this demographic? W ould you be more inclined to talk to issues bearing upon those gender, age, and race qualities? Or, would you keep your centre the same, no matter the audience to whom you were addressing? Frankly, the stylishness speaker would shift his or her message to adapt to the audience. And, in a nutshell, thats the answer of doing demographics to embed within your message the rentable parameters of your audiences range of needs.This, of course, raises an extremely important ethical issue for the raw speaker. Given the ability to do demographic data analysis and interpretation of an audience, does a speaker shift his or her message to play to the audience only if? Or, on the other hand, does a speaker not shift his or her message so as to remain true to his or her motives? It is a delicate equilibrise act, for certain. Demographic information not only has the ability to truly enlighten a speaker, it also has the ability to modify a speakers original intent. Only you will be able to i mprove the tension between a speakers need to adapt to an audience and his or her need to remain true to form.Some political critics have even argued that our modern leadership no longer leads, it merely speaks according to demography and issue polls. story 3 Psychological Description On Attitudes, Beliefs, and value Unless your selected speech root is a complete mystery to your audience, your listeners will already hold attitudes, beliefs, and determine toward the ideas you will unavoidably present. As a result, it is always important to know where your audience stands on the issues you plan to address ahead of time. The best way to accomplish this is to sample your audience with a quick questionnaire or survey prior to the event. This is known as the third layer of audience analysis, or psychological description.There are three things you seek to identify when execute a description the audiences (1) attitudes, (2) beliefs, and (3) set. They are your calculated allies it is always important to know where your audience stands on the issues you plan to address ahead of time. in understanding how your audience thinks. 1. Attitudes What exactly is an attitude? In basic footing, an attitude is a learned disposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a person, an object, an idea, or an event. Attitudes come in different forms. You are very likely to see an attitude present itself when someone says that they are pro or anti something.But, above all else, attitudes are learned and not necessarily enduring. Attitudes can change, and sometimes do, whereas beliefs and values do not shift as easily. Lets examine a sample list of attitudes below Pro-war Anti-affirmative action Pro-choice Pro-business Anti-discrimination Anti-war Anti-slavery Pro-gaming Anti-government Pro-capital penalisation Pro-diversity Pro- disembodied spirit Anti-gambling Anti-drugs Anti-capital punishment These are just a small range of issues that one can either be for or against. And, while we are simplifying the social scientific idea of an attitude considerably here, these examples serve our purposes well. Remember, attitudes are not as durable as beliefs and values.But, they are good indicators of how people view the persons, objects, ideas, or events that shape their world. 2. Beliefs Beliefs are principles. Beliefs are more durable than attitudes because beliefs are hinged to ideals and not issues. For example, you may believe in the principle what goes some comes around. If you do, you believe in the notion of karma. And so, you may align your demeanours to be consistent with this belief philosophy. You may not engage in unethical or negative port because you believe that it will come back to you. Likewise, you may try to exude carriages that are ethical and positive because you wish for this behavior to return, in kind. You may not think this at all, and believe quite the opposite.Either way, there is a belief i n operation driving what you think. Lets now turn to examine some sample beliefs The world was created by God. Marijuana is an habit-forming gateway drug. Ghosts are all around us. Smoking causes cancer. Anyone can acquire HIV. ontogeny is fact, not fiction. Marijuana is neither habit-forming nor harmful. Ghosts are products of our imagination. Smoking does not cause cancer. Only high- chance groups acquire HIV. 3. value A value, on the other hand, is a guiding belief that regulates our attitudes. Values are the core principles driving our attitudes. If you probe into someones attitudes and beliefs deep enough, you will inescapably find an underlying value.Importantly, you should also know that we structure our values in accordance of rights to our own value hierarchy, or mental schema of values placed in order of their relative individual importance. Each of us has our own values that we subscribe to and a value hierarchy that we use to navigate the issues of the worl d. Truth be known, we really arent even aware that we have a value hierarchy until some of our values come in direct conflict with we make decisions small and grand, based from our value hierarchies. each other. Then, we have to manage something called cognitive dissonance, or the mental emphasize caused by the choice we are forced to make between two sizable alternatives. For example, lets assume that you value having fun a great deal. You like to party with your friends and truly enjoy yourself.And, in this day and age, who doesnt? However, as a young adult now experiencing a significant amount of independence and personal freedom at college, you have many life options at your disposal. Lets also say that some of your snug personal friends are doing drugs. You are torn. pause of you wants to experience the fun that your close friends may be experiencing but, the more sane part of you wants to responsibly decline. In honesty, you are juxtaposed between two of your own value shaving fun and being responsible for(p). This real life example is approximately exaggerated for your benefit. piddle that we make decisions small and grand, based from of our value hierarchies.Lets look at some basic values common to people around the world Accomplishment esthetics Authority Competency Creativity encyclopedism Flexibility Health Independence apt stimulation Leisure Material spot Peace Power Security Teamwork Layer 4 Multiethnical Audience Analysis Demography (as outlined in Layer 2) looks at issues of race and ethnicity in a basic sense. However, we believe that in our progressively diverse society, it is worthy to pay particular attention to the issue of speaking to a multi pagan audience. Odds are that some(prenominal) your classroom audience and any real world audience that you encounter will have an underlying multi heathen dimension.As a speaker, you need to recognize that the perspective you have on any given issuing may not necessarily be shared by all of the members of your audience. Therefore, it is exigent that you become a culturally impelling speaker. Culturally useful speakers develop the capacity to appreciate other cultures and acquire the needed skills to speak efficaciously to people with diverse ethnic backgrounds. animation these issues ever-present in your mind Language Many people speak different languages, so if you are translating words or phrases, make sure that your translations are correct and that you are victimization concrete language instead of dissipate or jargon, which can be conf utilise.Advancement tie Broadminded Competition Economic Return Family Freedom Helping others Influence Intellectual status Loyalty Moral fulfillment forcible work Prestige Self- elicition Variety happening Appearance Community Cooperation Education spry Pace Friendship Honesty truth Leadership Management Order enjoyment Recognition Travel Wisdom intuition Realize that different cultures have different cultural -cognitive processes, or doer of looking at the very impression of logic itself. Accordingly, try your audience as to their diverse ways of thinking and be sensitive to these differing logics. Ethnocentricity Do not assume that your culture is superior or better than other cultures. Ethnocentrism is the belief that ones own culture or ethnicity is superior to others. Remember that, in many cases, you will be likable to people from other cultures. Ethnocentric viewpoints have the tendency to drive a pigboat between youKnowing that culture does play a major government agency in interactions between you and your audience is a good step in becoming an effective communicator. and your audience. Values differ greatly Not only do individuals have value systems of their own, but societies promote value systems, as well. Keep in mind the fact that you will be appealing to value hierarchies that are socially-laden, as well as those that are individually-borne. Communication styles diffe r greatly While you are trying to balance these language, cognition, cultural, and value issues, you should also recognize that some cultures take a more animated bringing style than do others.The intelligent speaker will understand this, and adapt his or her vocal and communicative delivery accordingly. Audience Analysis and the Multicultural Audience todays speakers face many cultural challenges. These challenges acknowledge ethnocentrism, stereotyping, verbal and sign(a) misinterpretations, differences in information processing, and translation difficulties. Ideally, it would be wonderful to be able to master either culture and language, but we cannot be superhuman. Still, there are some universal cultural attributes you can identify through audience analysis that will give you a basic understanding about your multicultural audience.Knowing that culture does play a major role in interactions between you and your audience is a good step in becoming an effective communicato r. The key is for you to find alternative approaches to delivering your message, with both verbal and nonverbal elements of discourse, that are more in line with your audiences cultural instincts. There are three areas of cultural predilection we will explore (1) cognitive styles how we set and process information (2) decision-making what we accept as evidence and (3) communication patterns how we communicate verbally and nonverbally. 1. Cognitive Styles The word cognitive factor thought. So, cognitive styles refers to thought patterns.Studies of cognitive styles purport that people fall into open-minded and close-minded categories. The openminded person seeks out information before making a decision. They are more likely to see the associateness of issues. They admit that they dont have all of the answers, and they need to learn more before they can draw a conclusion. The closed-minded person has tunnel-visionhe or she sees only a narrow range of data and ignores the rest. Th ey accept information only if it conforms to their completed mindset. some other aspect of cognitive styles is how people process information. We divide such processing into associatory and abstractive characteristics. A person who thinks associatively is filtering ew data through the screen of personal experience, such as in direct observation. bran-new data can be understood only in terms of similar past experiences. This persons mind is generally closed to all information that does not reflect established values. Individuals that display abstractive characteristics think very analytically, and concepts are abstracted quickly. Innovation often takes precedence over tradition. So you can see how understanding these differences will help you develop your speech. And a third cognitive process is how we actually link information in a chain to come to a conclusion or decision. Generally, there are two types of thinking analog and systemic.Linear thinking intend that we process in formation by creating an associative link, that is, we first begin with A, then go to B, then to C, and so on, until we have created a chain of reason in order to come to a conclusion. Individuals who process information systemically consider all of the information at one time, mulling it over. This type of person may holistically consider A, B, C, and D, at the same time in order to come to a conclusion. Each type of cognitive process requires a different style of organization and delivery of your speech. The pasquinade is to know how If they think that you are a credible speaker, chances are you can influence their decision-making process. and when to use both styles, and thats where audience analysis comes in. 2.Decision-making Members of different cultures arrive at decision-making in different ways. These ways can be described as faith, fact, and feeling. The person who acts on the basis of faith is using a belief system which can be a religion or political ideology. Presentin g facts in your speech that do not reflect religious or political beliefs can be a waste of time. His or her faith operates one by one from facts. batch who believe in facts want to see evidence to support your position. They can be the most predictable to persuade. People tend to accept scientific evidence rather than question or wane it. And finally, people who believe in feelings are the most common throughout the world.These are the people who go with their gut instincts. If they think that you are a credible speaker, and they develop a liking for you, chances are you can influence their decision-making process. 3. Communication Patterns Verbal Communication Each culture has a system for communicating. Hall has indicated that these systems can fall into two categories low-contextual communication and high-contextual communication. Cultures that express themselves in a high-context communication system emphasize how conception or meaning can best be conv substanced through t he context (e. g. , social roles or positions) and the nonverbal manoeuvers (e. g. , pauses, silence, bill of voice) of the verbal message.The high-context system is also known as an indirect verbal style, or indirect communication, verbal statements tend to mask the speakers actual intentions and are carried out in a softer opinion of voice. Rules for speaking and behavior are connotative in the context. What this means is that much of the communication is verbalized through nonverbal behaviora slight nod of the head, a simple hand communicate as acknowledgement, a brief smile. Compare this to a low context communication system, where commuting of facts and information is stressed. Information is given earlier in words and meaning is best expressed explicitly. The lowcontext system is also known as a direct verbal style, or direct communication, verbal statements tend to reveal the speakers intentions with lucidness and are enunciated with a forthright tone of voice.Gener ally speaking, low-context communication (LCC) refers to communication patterns of direct verbal orientation straight talk, nonverbal immediacy, and sender-oriented values (i. e. , the sender assumes the responsibility to communicate clearly). In the LCC system, the speaker is judge to be responsible for constructing a clear, persuasive message that the listener can rewrite easily. In comparison, high-context communication (HCC) refers to communication patterns of indirect verbal orientation self-humbling talk, nonverbal subtleties, silence, and interpreter-sensitive values (i. e. , the receiver or interpreter of the message assumes the responsibility to infer the hidden or contextual meanings of the message).In the HCC system, the listener or interpreter of the message is expected to read between the lines, to accurately infer the unverbalized intent of the verbal message, and to decode the nonverbal subtleties that accompany the verbal message. nonverbal Communication As the g lobal colony continues to shrink and cultures co-mingle, it is essential for public speakers to become more sensitive, more aware, and more law-abiding to the nearly limitless numbers of motions, gestures, and ashes language that surround us each day. And as we cross over cultural borders, we should learn to respect, learn, and understand more about them. sign-language(a) communication is a regnant form of human expression. It is eitherwhere.People all over the world use their hands, heads, and bodies to communicate expressively. Nonverbal messages are often the primary means of relating our emotions, our attitudes, and the nature of our relationships with oth- Eye satisfy is an important channel of communication. ers. Nonverbal messages can express what verbal messages cannot express and are false to be more truthful than verbal messages. Some major areas of nonverbal behaviors include eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture and consistency orientation, proximit y, paralinguistics, and humor. Eye contact is an important channel of communication. It signals interest in others and for some, eye contact with your audience increases the speakers credibility.Youve heard the statement Look at me when Im speaking to you, or you are taught in public speaking to make eye contact with your audience. This is another culturally dependent orientation. Among the Japanese, one way to show that you are listening is to close the eyeball in contemplation and nod the head slightly, up and down. The Japanese are not ignoring the speaker nor are they taking a nap. It is one way to show assiduity and attentiveness. The Japanese prefer indirect eye contact they avoid direct or prolonged eye contact as mush as possible. Making eye contact with your audience is important, but knowing who to make that eye contact with is every bit as important.Remember, some audience members expect you to look them directly into their eyes, while others may prefer indirect eye con tact. What about something as simple as a hand gesture say the thumbs up with a closed fist? In the U. S. it can mean support or approval, O. K. or Good line of products It is also used for hitch-hiking in the U. S. In France this same gesture means zero. In Japan it means money or coins. In Nigeria it is a rude gesture. In Australia, if pumped up and down, is an obscene gesture, and in Germany and Japan it is the signal for one. Heres where you walk a fine lineif you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as dim, stiff, and unanimated.A somewhat lively and animated delivery may entertain your audience and demonstrate your authorisation about your knowledge of the speech material. On the other hand, if you emphasize certain nonverbal gestures that one or more segments of your audience find offensive, you may wind up alienating them. We can make some general assumptions about Low-Contextual and High-Contextual cultures. The exchange of facts and information is str essed with members of Low-Context cultures. Information is given chiefly in words and meaning is expressed explicitly. There is a stress on task sufficeance, and the communication style is considered to be unemotional and impersonal, with a high degree of objectivity.Low-Context individuals are also at large(p) communicators, where dispensing with notice and rigid protocol is accepted, if not the norm. ratiocination is deductive based on theory and logic. And members prefer analytical thinking, which breaks problems into small chunks. comport eye contact is expected from both the speaker and audience. In High-Context cultures, shared experience makes certain things understood without them needed to be stated explicitly. Rules for speaking and behaving are inexplicit in the context, as is the preference for implicit communication. The communication style is emotive and personal, with a high degree of overpowerivity and a stress on relationships. There is a high emphasis on protocol and social customs.Reasoning is based on experience and experimentation, with a preference for holistic thinking that is focused on the big cypher and interrelationships between components. Indirect eye contact is expected from both speaker and audience. Remember that no two people arrange in precisely the same way. Nor do people from the same culture perform exactly the same gestures and body language uniformly. For almost any nonverbal gesture there will probably be someone within a given culture who might say, Well, some might attach that meaning to it, but to me it means and then they will provide a different interpretation. It is not only what you say in your speech that is important, but its how you say it that can make a difference to a multicultural audience.Gestures and body language communicate as effectively as words, and at times, even more so. Do we expect other cultures to comply our customs or are we willing to adopt theirs? We may not have time to study a language, but taking time to learn the nonverbal signals is a powerful communicator. We want to create a safe, inclusive environment for all audience members. Even though we have these cultural differences, people come in concert because they share similar interests. The success of your speech depends upon you, your research, and the quality and accura- you want to put your best work forward, and let your audience see your confidence and expression shine through. cy of your information.Remember, communication always takes place between individuals, not cultures, but understanding cultural orientations will always help you become an effective speaker. Without nonverbal communication, our world would be silent and colorless. Layer 5 Topic pursual and Prior Knowledge Analysis Finally, you want to query your audience for their interest in, and prior knowledge of, your thing. If the goal of your speech is to deliver a unique and stirring presentation (and it should be), it would ma ke perfect sense to know ahead of time if your audience (1) is interest in what you have to say, and (2) has any prior knowledge regarding your topic.It stands to reason that you do not want to give a boring or trite speech. That much is clear. Instead, you want to put your best work forward, and let your audience see your confidence and prep shine through. And, it also stands to reason that you dont want to make a speech that your audience already knows a lot about. So, your job here is to test your topic by sampling your audience for their topic interest and topic knowledge. Defined, topic interest is the significance of the topic to a given audience oftentimes related precisely to the uniqueness of a speakers topic. Likewise, topic knowledge is the general amount of information that the audience possesses on a given topic.These are not mere definitions listed for the sake of argument these are essential analytical components of effective speech construction. Unlike multicultura l audience analysis, evaluating your audiences topic interest and topic knowledge is a fairly simple task. There are two ways to go about doing this (1) through informal question and answer dialogue in class, or (2) more formally through an actual survey. Either way, it is best to have some information, rather than none at all. Imagine if you will, the laundry list of topics that people have heard over and over and over, ad nauseam. You can probably name some yourself, right now, without giving it much thought.If you started listing some topics to yourself, please reckon that this is the point of this section of this module your audience is literally thinking the same exact thing you are. Given that, topic preparation is strategically important to your overall speech success. Again, do not underestimate the power of asking your audience whether or not your topic actually interests them. If you find that many people are not interested in your topic, or already know a lot about it, y ou have just saved yourself from a potentially mind-numbing exercise. After all, do you really want to give a speech where your audience could care less about your topicor even worse they know more about the topic than you do yourself? Not at allThe purpose of this section is to help you search for the highly sought-after public speaking concept called uniqueness, or when a topic rises to the level of being singularly exceptional in interest and knowledge to a given audience. We know that you wish to excel in giving your speech, and indeed you shall. But first, lets make sure that your audience is turned on by your topic and hasnt already heard the subject matter so much that they, themselves, could give the speech without much (if any) preparation. One final note Theres an old adage in communication studies that reasons know what you know know what you dont know and, know the difference between the two. In other words, dont use puffery to blind your audience about your alleged know ledge on a particular subject. Remember, there is likely to be someone in your audience who knows as much about your topic, if not more, than you do. If you get caught trying to field an embarrassing question, you might just lose the most important thing you have as a speaker your credibility. If you know the answer, respond accordingly. If you do not know the answer, respond accordingly. But, above all, try and be a imagination for your audience. They expect you to be something of a de facto clever on the topic you choose to address. demonstration Obviously, when thinking about what kind of topic you are going to select, it is compulsory for you to keep your audience in mind.Not doing so will put your speech at risk of not corresponding overlook to plan, plan to fail. with the information needs of your audience and further jeopardize your credibility as a speaker. In this module, we have covered (I) how to analyze an audience and (II) the five layers of audience analysis. In su m, this information equips you with the foundational knowledge and skill-set required to mark that your topic complements your audience. And, after all, if we are not adapting to meet the needs of our audience, we are not going to be informative or convincing speakers. Theres a contemporary maxim that runs strong Fail to plan, plan to fail. We, your authors, believe that if you have failed to fully consider the nature, make-up, and characteristics of your audience, you arefor all intents and purposesneglecting the spirit of the public speaking exercise. Confidently speaking to audiences can be somewhat addictive. The experience, when right executed, can be empowering and help you get ahead personally and professionally throughout your life. But, you moldiness consider whom you are addressing first, and take their every requirement into account. We are linked to, united with, if not bound by, our audiences. And, your main speaking ambition should be to seek identification with th em, and for them to, likewise, seek identification with you. Works Consulted Bem, D. J. (1970).Beliefs, attitudes, and human affairs. Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. Benjamin, B. (1969). Demographic analysis. New York Praeger. Caernarven-Smith, P. (1983). Audience analysis & response (1st ed. ). Pembroke, MA Firman Technical Publications. Clevenger, T. (1966). Audience analysis. capital of Indiana Bobbs-Merrill. Colburn, C. W. , & Weinberg, S. B. (1981). Listening and audience analysis (2nd ed. ). wampum Science Research Associates. Gibson, J. W. , & Hanna, M. S. (1976). Audience analysis a programmed approach to receiver behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice-Hall. Hayes, A. (1994). The role of culture in demographic analysis a preliminary investigation.Canberra Australian subject field University, Research School of Social Sciences. Jastrow, J. (1918). The psychological science of conviction a study of beliefs and attitudes. capital of Massachusetts New York Houghton Miffl in. Jaszczolt, K. (2000). The pragmatics of propositional attitude reports. Oxford New York Elsevier. McQuail, D. (1997). Audience analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications. Nelson, N. , & De Saulles, T. (1993). Signs and symbols. New York Thomson Learning. Pressat, R. (1972). Demographic analysis methods, results, applications. Chicago Aldine-Atherton. Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, attitudes, and values a theory of organization and change (1st ed. ). San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Ting-Toomey. S & Chung, L. C. (2005). Understanding intercultural communication. Los Angeles Roxbury Publishing. Tucker, K. T. Weaver, II, R. L. Berryman-Fink, C. (1981). Research in speech communication. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice-Hall. Youga, J. M. (1989). The elements of audience analysis. New York Macmillan. 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